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Öğe Integration of compost with mineral NPK fertilizers for improving wheat yield and soil health(Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2024-12-12) Abdul Basir; Sikandar Iqbal; Muhammad Adnan; Mushtaq Ahmad Khan; Rattan Lal; Shah Fahad; Beena Saeed; Manzoor Ahmad; Ibrahim Al-Ashkar; Çağdaş Can Toprak; Zeki Erden; Ayman El SabaghTreating the soil with balanced and appropriate fertilizers is vital for obtaining optimum yield and maintaining soil health in a sustainable manner. One of the bottlenecks to sustainable agricultural production is soil depletion due to unbalanced fertilization. To overcome these problems, a pot experiment was carried out, to explore the potential of composts and mineral fertilizers on the soil health, yield and NPK uptake in wheat in calcareous soil. NPK were supplemented through different sources including T1: Control, T2: 100% NPK as compost I (CI), T3: 100% NPK as compost II (CII), T4: 50%NPK each as CI and mineral fertilizers, T5: 50%NPK each as CII and mineral fertilizers, T6: 100% NPK as mineral fertilizers (120: 90: 60 kg ha-1). Significantly taller plants of (92.6 cm), higher spike length (11.60 cm), thousand grain weight (47.54 g), biological yields (9706.2 kg ha-1) and grain yield (4070 kg ha-2) were recorded at T5. Similarly, maximum leaves N content (1.54%) and P content (0.19%), soil mineral N (192.8 kg ha-1), nitrogen use efficiency (36.1 higher over control) and minimum soil pH (7.76) were also recorded were also observed at in pots treated with (50% NPK each as CII and mineral fertilizers) while the organic matter was highest in pots treated with full dose of CI. Therefore, application of NPK 50% each as mineral fertilizers and compost (CII) is recommended for obtaining optimum crop yield and improved soil and crop quality under calcareous soils.Öğe Enhancing Wheat Productivity and Reducing Lead Uptake Through Biochar, Bentonite, and Rock Phosphate Integration(MDPI AG, 2025-04-14) Mohamed S. Elshikh; Mona S. Alwahibi; Zaffar Malik; Ahmad Ali; Hassan Mehmood; Hafiz Tanvir Ahmad; Sipan Soysal; P. V. Vara Prasad; Ivica Djalovic; Bogdan DugalicHeavy metal (HMs) toxicity has severely impacted wheat production and is considered an emerging threat to human health due to bioaccumulation. The application of organic and inorganic amendments has proven effective in mitigating HM’s phytotoxicity by limiting their mobility in soil and plants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of biochar (BC), bentonite (BN), and rock phosphate (RP), both individually and in combination, in alleviating lead (Pb) toxicity and enhancing wheat growth, and physiological attributes. The present investigation revealed that BC, BN, RP, and their combined mineral biochar amendments (MBAs) at 1.5% level significantly enhanced wheat growth along with reducing DTPA-extractable Pb in soil by 30.0–49.8% and Pb uptake in roots by 15.7–37.5% and in shoots by 34.5–48.5%. Antioxidant enzymatic activities were improved, and stress indicators were reduced in roots and shoots of wheat under Pb stress, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 50.7 and 81.0%, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 16.0 and 74.9%, and proline content by 34.5 and 64.0%, respectively. The effectiveness of the treatments is described in descending order viz. MBA-1 > MBA-3 > MBA-2 > BC > RP > BN under Pb stress. In conclusion, the integration of biochar, bentonite, and rock phosphate is a promising strategy for sustainable and cleaner cereal crop production under heavy metal stress conditions.Öğe Exogenous selenium application enhances the photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant defense of mash bean (Vigna mungo) to confer tolerance to salt stress(University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 2025-03-28) Zain UL ABIDIN; Safura BIBI; Athar MAHMOOD; Sipan SOYSAL; Zeki ERDEN; Çağdaş Can TOPRAK; Kifah GHARZEDDIN; Ibrahim AL-ASHKAR; Ayman EL SABAGH; Nehal ELNAGGARMash bean is an important crop enriched with proteins and highly praised in Pakistan due to its nutritional values. However, due to abiotic stresses like salinity, its production is decreased. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium on mash bean to produce salt tolerance. Mash bean seeds were sown in plastic pots filled with sand. Three levels of NaCl (0 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM) and five levels of selenium (0 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, 120 ppm) were applied with Hoagland solution. Salinity reduced plant height (28%), leaf area (33%), chlorophyll a (14%), chlorophyll b (9%), carotenoids (20%), potassium ions, calcium ions, superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, catalase, salt tolerance index and increased sodium ions (21%), H2O2 content as well as secondary metabolites. However, selenium application in low concentration enhanced plant height (31%), leaf area, chlorophyll a (17%), chlorophyll b (12%), carotenoids (40%), potassium, calcium, superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, catalase, salt tolerance index, proline, flavonoids, total phenol, while decreased sodium ions (25%) and hydrogen peroxide content under salt stress. Findings showed important function of selenium in improving physical characteristics, absorption of ions, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant defense in plants under salinity. Applying selenium at 40 ppm concentrations showed greatest efficacy in alleviating negative impacts of salt stress (100 mM) on plant growth and biochemical attributes. Maximum positive results of selenium application (40 ppm) were obtained at 0 mM of salinity. The journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. License - Articles published in Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License.Öğe Sustainable cereal production through integrated crop management: a global review of current practices and future prospects(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-03-13) Vaddula Yamini; Kulvir Singh; Mohammed Antar; Ayman El SabaghAmong cereals, three crops namely maize, wheat, and rice account for 90% of the total cereal production, with global production levels of 791.2, 522.6, and 1229.63 million tons for wheat, rice and maize, respectively. The global challenges of food insecurity, climate variability, and unsustainable land use necessitate a redefined approach to cereal production, focusing on climate resilience, low vulnerability, and high productivity while establishing food and environmental safety. Integrated crop management (ICM) offers a holistic farming approach that integrates various agricultural practices to ensure long-term benefits and mitigate risks. This comprehensive review examined a total of 108 documented studies from existing literature pertaining to the last 23 years, besides case studies on ICM in rice, wheat, and maize production, analyzing its benefits, challenges, and future directions. In Asian countries, where rice is a staple food, ICM practices have effectively addressed challenges such as yield stagnation, declining profits, and crop failures. Nutrient and pest management, along with conservation agriculture (CA), have played a crucial role in overcoming these challenges. China’s implementation of site-specific management duly integrated with other practices, has successfully reduced excessive nitrogen use besides improved environmental and health outcomes. Sustainable corn production has been achieved in the USA and Africa through comprehensive implementation of CA and crop diversification. Globally, ICM has demonstrated yield increases of 10–19% for rice, 16–30% for wheat, and 13.5–30% for maize crops. Despite having ample potential, the widespread adoption of ICM faces technical, climate-related, and economic constraints. Overcoming these challenges requires targeted training, extension services, and supportive policies. Furthermore, future research should focus on addressing key knowledge gaps to facilitate the widespread implementation of ICM. While promoting climatic resilience and sustainability in cereal production systems, ICM can contribute to food security and environmental preservation globally.Öğe Organic weed management can improve rice-maize rotation performances under conservation agriculture(Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2024-11-14) Subhra Sahoo; Dhirendra Kumar Roy; Shivani Ranjan; Sumit Sow; Smruti Ranjan Padhan; Alaa Baazeem; Omer Konuşkan; Zeki Erden; Çağdaş Can Toprak; Ayman El SabaghA two-year field experiment was carried out to ascertain the influence of organic weed management (OWM) on the crop performance and productivity of rice–maize rotation under conservation agriculture. The experiment comprised of four tillage practices as main plots and five OWM treatments as subplots arranged in split-plot design with three replication. The tillage management treatments included ZTR fb ZTM: zero-tillage (ZT) direct seeded rice (DSR) followed by (fb) ZT-maize, PBDSR+R fb PBDSM+R: DSR fb maize both in permanent bed (PB) with residue incorporation, PBDSR-R fb PBDSM-R: DSR fb maize both in PB without residue and CTR fb CTM: conventionally tilled rice fb maize. In OWM, five treatments were as follows: UC: unweeded weed control, VM: vermicompost mulching, PVM: phosphorous (P) enriched VM, LM: live-mulch of Sesbania spp. in rice and Pisum sativum in maize, WF: weed-free check. The PBDSR+R fb PBDSM+R obtained a significantly higher plant height (18.9–19.7%), leaf area index (LAI) (24.0–24.6%), dry matter accumulation (DMA) (10.8– 11.3%) and crop growth rate (CGR) over CTR fb CTM in both rice and maize in all the growth stages. Moreover, PBDSR+R fb PBDSM+R recorded significantly higher grain yield (63.6 and 66.0 q ha-1) in rice and in maize (93.02 and 94.31 q ha-1) over other treatments in both years. Among the various OWM, LM reported significantly superior growth attributes viz. plant height, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in rice and maize and grain yield by 12.3–16% in rice and 7.4–8.5% in maize over VM across the years of study. The PBDSR+R fb PBDSM+R recorded and LM recorded significantly the highest net return and benefit-cost ratio throughout the study. The study highlights that residue incorporation under rice–maize rotation in PB led CA system along with LM enhanced productivity and profitability.Öğe Mitigating Drought by Exogenous Potassium-mediated Improvements in Water Relation, Antioxidant Defense, Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper](Agricultural Research Communication Center, 2024-12-26) Muhammad Ahmad; Ejaz Ahmad Waraich; Aneeqa Munir; Saddam Hussain; Raees Ahmed; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Usman Zulfiqar; Khalid F. Almutairi; Zeki Erden; Çaðdaþ Can Toprak; Md Atikur Rahman; Ayman El SabaghBackground: Globally, drought stress (DS) incidence in early development and grain-filling stages of crops like black gram has posed a serious constraint to the growth and yield of legume crops. To ensure the food and nutritional security of the rising human population, requisites developing eco-friendly, pro-farmers and cost-effective DS mitigation strategies for imparting yield sustainability to black gram. Methods: In this trial, treatments included control group entailing control (normal watering), water spray (WA, positive control), control+50 mg L-1 K2SO4, control +100 mg L-1 K2SO4, control +150 mg L-1 K2SO4, while drought treatment included drought stress (plant exposed to 15-20% by suspending water supply), water spray (WA, positive control), drought +50 mg L-1 K2SO4, drought +100 mg L-1 K2SO4 and drought +150 mg L-1 K2SO4. Result: The results exhibited that the DS seriously declined plant growth, relative water content and water potential by 24.2% and 39.3%, respectively, inducing higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration that reduced cell membrane stability, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, than the control. However, the foliar applied K significantly improved plant growth, plant water status, gas exchange and photosynthetic performance, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity. Exogenous application of K further reduced lipid peroxidation, cell membrane injury and hydrogen peroxide by 12.7, 17.6 and 8.70%, respectively.Öğe Brevibacillus choshinensis restricts harmful Eurygaster integriceps in wheat-sown fields and enhances beneficial insect population(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02-03) Halil Dilmen; Fatih Çiğ; Mustafa CeritoğluThis study was conducted to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Brevibacillus choshinensis) on Eurygaster integriceps Puton, 1881 (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) and the predators Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) during the 2022–2023 season. The study was laid out according to a completely randomized factorial design with five replications, including areas with and without B. choshinensis application. Sampling was carried out every 7 days until the harvest period. Predator insect species C. carnea, C. septempunctata and Sunn pest (E. integriceps) found in wheat plots were determined using the visual counting method. According to the results, B. choshinensis treatment boosted beneficial insect population and restriced E. integriceps over control plants. E. integriceps population reduced up to 75%, 100%, 66% and 92% compared to control at the 1st., 2nd., 3rd. and 4th. observation times, respectively. In addition, foliar B. choshinensis treatment reduced E. integriceps population by 6.3-fold (from 0.63 to 0.10) over control plots. Number of beneficial insects per plot were determined as 1.35 and 6.75 at control and PGPB treatmen, respectively, therby increasing by 5-fold over control. In conclusion, it is thought that B. choshinensis can be an alternative bio-insecticide that can be used to control the harmful insect population and to encourage the beneficial insect population. In addition, new researches are needed to understand the mechanisms by which B. choshinensis treatment suppresses E. integriceps populations while attracting beneficial insect communities.Öğe Dose-Dependent Application of Silver Nanoparticles Modulates Growth, Physiochemicals, and Antioxidants in Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) Exposed to Cadmium Stress(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025-02-05) Abeer Elhakem; Jiahao Tian; Hilal Yilmaz; Wenjing Mao; Lisong Shao; Sipan Soysal; Mohammad Faizan; Jian Gao; Pravej AlamThe present study was intended to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on chickpea plants grown in cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil. Chickpea seeds sown in earthen pots (filled with soil) were subjected to Cd stress (100 μM) in the form of CdCl2 (10 mL) 10 days after sowing (DAS). Exogenous applications with Ag NP concentrations 50, 100, and 200 μM were used to observe their effects on Cd-stressed plants. Growth, biochemical, and stress parameters were studied. Results showed that Ag NPs positively affected plant growth and ameliorated the toxic effects of Cd stress. Plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, total carotenoid content, rubisco activity, and net photosynthetic rate (PN) were significantly decreased by Cd stress but enhanced by 28, 29, 31, 30, 33, and 35%, respectively, by foliar application of Ag NPs. Similarly, Ag NPs increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (61%), catalase (58%), and peroxidase (68%) and reduced the malondialdehyde (28%) and hydrogen peroxide (23%) in chickpea plants. Protein content was also increased by the application of Ag NPs (16%). Furthermore, the addition of Ag NPs decreased the plant Cd content. According to the current study, adding Ag NPs to plants under Cd stress improved their growth and photosynthesis by reducing Cd absorption and improving plant stress tolerance. © 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.Öğe Mitigating drought stress in fenugreek through synergistic effects of alanine and potassium-enriched biochar(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-02-03) Wanzheng Ma; Xinyu Fang; Mengru Qiu; Misbah Hareem; Zeki Erden; Çağdaş Can Toprak; Abdullah A. AlarfajDrought stress adversely affects plant growth, development, and yield. It can decrease seed germination, biomass accumulation, root proliferation, chlorophyll contents, and stomatal conductance. To overcome this critical issue, researchers suggest employing environmentally friendly approaches. The exogenous application of alanine (AL) acts as an osmolyte, which helps balance the cellular water under drought stress. It can also improve root architecture, biomass accumulation, and plant fertilizer use efficiency. Applying biochar can improve soil structure, water, and nutrient retention in soil, which are allied factors in enhancing plant growth under drought stress. Furthermore, the enrichment of potassium (K) in biochar also increases its availability to plants, directly regulating the stomatal conductance to alleviate drought stress. That's why the current study aims to explore the combined effect of AL and potassium-enriched biochar (KBC) on fenugreek cultivated under drought stress. Four levels of AL (control, 2mM, 4mM, and 6mM) were applied with 0%, 1%, and 2% KBC in three replicates. Results showed that 2mM AL + 2%KBC showed significant improvement in plant length (5.24%), plant fresh weight (25.36%), plant dry weight (16.23%), chlorophyll a (7.80%), chlorophyll b (15.83%), total chlorophyll (10.65%) over the control under drought stress. A significant increase in shoot N, P, and K concentration compared to control under drought stress also validated the effectiveness of 2mM AL + 2%KBC. In conclusion, 2mM AL + 2%KBC is an effective amendment for alleviating drought stress in fenugreeks. Under drought stress, growers are recommended to apply 2mM AL + 2%KBC to achieve better fenugreek growth.Öğe Biochar in conjunction with reduced doses of mineral fertilizers increased yield attributes and yield of rice (cv. BRRI dhan29)(Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2024-08-30) Md. Rayhanul Hoque; S.M Rahman; S.A. Ruba; J. Ferdous; Kamrunahar K.V.; Md. Rafiqul Islam; Zeki Erden; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Walid Soufan; Samer Abo Dawaba; Mohammad Sohidul IslamRecently, biochar (BC) applied in optimized quantities has emerged as an effective organic amendment for improving the physico-chemical features of the soil along with boosting the yield attributes of cereals. In the research field of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur a field experiment was directed to assess the impact of BC implication united with reduced doses of recommended chemical fertilizers (RDF including N, P, K and S) on the growth and yield of rice (cv. BRRI dhan29). It was comprised of five treatments viz. T1= Recommended doses of RDF, T2 = BC 10 t ha-1, T3 = BC 10 t ha-1 + half RDF, T4= Biochar 7.5 t ha-1 + half RDF and T5 = BC 5 t ha-1 + half RDF. The experimental design was the regular arrangement of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) along with four replications. The T1 treatment recorded the maximum plant height (103.00 cm) and the number of tillers hill-1 (26.10) which remained statistically identical to T3. Likewise, T3 out performed rest of regimes by recording the highest values of panicle length (24.89 cm), grains number panicle-1 (195.40), filled grains number panicles-1 (191.10), and 1000-grain weight (25.53 g). Moreover, the same treatment recorded for grain yield (7.82 tha-1) and straw yield (8.76 t ha-1) which was statistically at par to T1 (7.46 and 8.72 t ha-1, respectively). Furthermore, T3 also remained superior as for as biological yield (16.58 t ha-1) of rice was concerned. The outcomes of this trial reveal that BC (10 t ha-1) application have potential to reduce CF dose up to 50% for improving the yield attributes and grain output of rice. (cv. BRRI dhan29).Öğe Wheat genotypes respond differently under polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced drought stress during germination and early seedling growth stages(Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2024-08-01) Mst Masuma Akhter; M.A. Hasan; M.M. Bahadur; M.R. Islam; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Walid Soufan; Khandakar Aurib; Tanjila Akhter; Sipan Soysal; Ayman Elsabagh; Elsabagh Heniesh; Mohammad Sohidul IslamWater scarcity has emerged as one of a critical environmental constriction that negatively affect wheat growth, development and yield in Bangladesh. Identification of drought tolerant genotypes is crucial at drought sensitive initial stages of plant growth especially germination and seedling growth stages. To cater this issue, 30 wheat genotypes were subjected to polyehelene glycol (PEG 6000) induced drought stress levels of 0,-2.0 and-4.0 Mpa (osmotic stresses) and their response was tested at the germination and seedling growth stages. The experimental set up was Completely Ramdomized Design (CRD) with five replications. The results revealed that the rate of germination (RG) among the genotypes varied significantly with the different water potential levels, and the RG decreased with the advancement of stress. The stress tolerance index (STI) values based on RG were > 0.900 in wheat cultivars of Shatabdi, BARI Gom 25, BAW 1118, BAW 1151, BAW 1161, E 2, E 18, E 30, E 34 and E 38under severe water deficit stress, while the values were < 0.800 in wheat genotypes BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, BARI Gom 28, BAW 1130, BAW 1140, BAW 1143, BAW 1168, E 28 and E 42. The co-efficient of germination (COG) was significantly decreased with increasing water potential stresses (-2 &-4 bars), and the genotypes Sourav, BARI Gom 25, BAW 1118, BAW 1135, BAW 1151, BAW 1157, BAW 1161, BAW 1163, BAW 1170, BAW 1171, E 2, E 18, E 23, E 29, E 34 and E 38showed > 0.980 STI values whereas, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, E 24, E 28, E 42, BAW 1130, BAW 1140 and BAW 1168 produced < 0.970 STI values under higher water potential. Higher STI values (> 0.920) regarding the germination vigour index (GVI) under higher water stress were observed in BARI Gom 25, E 18, E 23, E 34, E 38, BAW 1118, BAW 1161 and BAW 1170, and very lower STI values (< 0.800) were obtained in the Shatabdi, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 27, BAW 1130, BAW 1140, BAW 1168, E 3, E 24, E 28 and E 42 genotypes. The genotypes Shatabdi, BARI Gom 25, E 18, E 38, BAW 1118, BARI Gom 27, E 24, E 34, BAW 1143 and BAW 1170 showed higher STI values (> 0.550) indicating tolerant genotypes and the genotypes Sourav, BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 28, BAW 1130, BAW 1151, BAW 1168, E 2, E 3, E 28 and E 29demonstrated lower STI values (< 0.450) designating susceptible genotypes. As water deficit stress increased, the shoot weight (g) of wheat genotypes decreased. Notably, genotypes Shatabdi, BARI Gom 25, E 18, E 34, E 38, and BAW 1118 exhibited Stress Tolerance Index (STI) values greater than 0.700. In contrast, genotypes BARI Gom 26, E 2, E 23, E 29, BAW 1130, BAW 1140, BAW 1151, BAW 1157, and BAW 1161 displayed STI values lower than 0.550. The genotypes showing higher and lower STI values denoted water stress tolerant and susceptible genotypes, respectively.Öğe The Use of Seaweed Fertilizer in Cereal Cultivation(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024) Fatih Çığ; Rojin Özek; M. Zeki Karipçin; Gunel Mammadova; Tarana GılıcovaFactors such as environmental pollution, decrease in water resources, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides negatively affect soil fertility and cause a decrease in the amount of organic matter in the soil. Plants that do not get enough nutrients from the soil are provided with organic fertilizers. Seaweed manure is one of the most commonly used organic fertilizers for this purpose. Studies have shown that seaweed fertilizer facilitates the biodegradation process and increases seedling growth and photosynthetic pigment components. It has been shown to improve productivity, phenolic content (PC), indole acetic acid (IAA) and total soluble sugar (TSS) content under drought conditions. It has also been found to increase germination, plant growth and antioxidant enzyme activity in case of salinity stress. It has been proven by various studies that seaweed fertilizer also increases the leaf ratio and grain protein ratio. In addition to the application of seaweed fertilizer to the soil and leaves, it is also common to use it as a seed coating. With all its features, algae fertilizer provides less chemical fertilizer use. This review was made to examine the importance of using algae fertilizer to meet the nutritional needs of grains and in various stress situations.Öğe Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Triple and Single-Capsule Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Varieties and Their Antioxidant Enzyme Activities(HARD Publishing Company, 2024-07-24) Aynur Bilmez Özçinar; Hüseyin Arslan; Behçet İnalSesame is a historic oilseed crop cultivated globally. The crop harbors natural antioxidants in plant tissues, including leaves, stems, and seeds. Understanding flower development mechanisms is crucial for higher yield and quality. However, the physiological and molecular aspects of three- and single-capsule flower development in sesame remain unexplored. This study investigated the transcriptome during sesame flower development, focusing on three-capsule (Arslanbey) and single- capsule (Hatipo & gbreve;lu) cultivars during 2017-2018. Physiological analyses (iron chelation, DPPH, FRAP) and qRT-PCR of APETALA1, APETALA2, SPL4, SOC1, AT4G37770, SILPT3, and beta-glucosidase genes were conducted. Metal-iron chelation, FRAP, and DPPH in leaf tissues indicated higher values in the single-capsule cultivar, while catalase and peroxidase activity were higher in the three-capsule cultivar. Expression analyses at different weeks post-flowering showed peak levels for AP1, AP2, SPL4, SILPT3, and beta-glucosidase at 8W-H (8th-Hatipo & gbreve;lu) in the single-capsule cultivar, and for SOC1 and AT4G37770 at 9W-H (9th-Hatipo & gbreve;lu). Capsule-related gene expression over 9 weeks revealed 8W-H (8th-Hatipo & gbreve;lu). As abundant for APETALA1, APETALA2, SPL4, SILPT3, and beta-glucosidase, while 9W-H (9th-Hatipo & gbreve;lu) was abundant for SOC1 and AT4G37770. In this study, which was carried out to examine the factors affecting the encapsulation status of single-capsule and three-capsule sesame varieties, evaluations were made based on the data obtained as a result of the observations and analysis. All analyses have shown that the single and triple encapsulation phenomena are quite complex and depend on multiple gene mechanisms and multiple biochemicals. In summary, our study unveils the intricate genetic and biochemical factors influencing capsule development in single-capsule and three-capsule sesame varieties. These findings offer valuable insights for future breeding strategies and molecular studies in sesame and related crops.Öğe Identification of significant SNPs for yield-related salt tolerant traits in rice through genome-wide association analysis.(Cell Mol Biol, 2025-01-12) Era, Farzana Mustafa; Raihan, Mohammad Sharif; Jahan, Nusrat; Pandey, Saurabh; Alalawy, Adel I; Al-Duais, Mohammed Ali; Alharbi, Basmah M; Alqurashi, Mohammed; Erden, Zeki; Toprak, Çağdaş Can; Islam, A K M AminulRice salt tolerance is highly anticipated to meet global demand in response to decreasing farmland and soil salinization. Therefore, dissecting the genetic loci controlling salt tolerance in rice for improving productivity is of utmost importance. Here, we evaluated six salt-tolerance-related traits of a biparental mapping population comprising 280 F2 rice individuals (Oryza sativa L.) at the seedling and reproductive stages. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify marker-trait associations under artificially induced salt stress using the 1K RICA chip (Agriplex Genomics, Cedar Avenue, Suite 250, Cleveland, 011444106, USA). We have identified 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representing eight genomic regions on chromosomes 5, 8, 9, and 10. These were significantly associated with the six salt-tolerance-related traits, no. of tillers per plant (TPP), effective tillers per plant (ETP), spikelet fertility percentage (SFP), field grain number (FGN), grain length breadth ratio (LBR) and thousand-grain weight (TGW). FGN has two significant SNPs (SNP0758 and SNP0759) on Chromosome 9, whereas SFP on chromosomes 8 and 12 (SNP1127 and SNP0966, respectively). Similarly, for TPP (SNP0796), a significant SNP was detected on chromosome 10, and for ETP (SNP0414) on chromosome 5. Two significant SNPs were found in chromosome 12 for LBR (SNP0920) and TGW (SNP0976). Based on all loci, we screened 3 possible candidate genes in chromosomes 8, 9, and 12 between the genomic region of SNP0920 and SNP1127 under salt stress. Interestingly, these genes were involved in protein coding, none of which was previously reported as being involved in plant salt tolerance. Further, the genetic relationship between the mapping population and population structure was classified by STRUCTURE v 2.3. Genotypes with ≥ 80% of shared ancestry were explained into two major clusters (I and II), and < 80% of shared ancestry were categorized as admixtures. An unrooted alpha was developed by TASSEL 5.0, dividing the genotypes into three major groups where 97 individuals were in Cluster 1, cluster 2 consisted of 93 individuals, and the remaining Cluster 3 included 90 individuals. A kinship matrix developed from 860 SNPs indicated group formation and more substantial relatedness among the genotypes with a red zone. Our findings provide valuable information for enhancing the understanding of complicated salt tolerance mechanisms in rice seedlings and the identified candidates potentially used for breeding salt-tolerant genotypes.Öğe Determination of the effect of magnesium applications on yield, fiber quality and chlorophyll content in cotton(The Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, 2024-12-16) Emine Karademir; Emine SebatObjective: The objective of this investigation was to determine the effects of different applications of magnesium (Mg) on yield, yield attributes, fiber quality traits, chlorophyll content, and normalized difference vegetative index in cotton. Material and Methods: In this study 7 different Mg applications were applied, and MAY 455 cotton cultivar and Magnesium Sulphate were used. Results: It was determined that seed cotton yield, number of nodes of first fruiting branches, number of vegetative branches, number of bolls, height/node ratio, boll weight, fiber strength, uniformity, elongation, and spinning consistency index were affected by magnesium applications. The highest value in terms of the number of bolls, number of vegetative branches and height/node ratio was observed with 200 cc/da Mg application at the squaring stage, while the highest seed cotton yield was recorded with 200 cc/da Mg at flowering stage and Mg application lead to increase 60 kg/da in seed cotton yield. The highest spinning consistency index and uniformity was obtained with 600 cc/da Mg application at the squaring stage, other quality traits were affected by different doses or application stages. Conclusion: Applying green parts during the squaring or flowering period may be advantageous since magnesium has a positive impact on the yield and certain fiber quality of cotton.Öğe Determination of germination and seedling characteristics of common grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes under salt stress(The Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, 2024-12-16) Serhan Kaya; Semih AçıkbaşObjective: In this study, the aim was to determine the germination and seedling development responses of common grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes under salt stress and to identify genotypes sensitive or tolerant to salinity. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted at the Field Crops Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University, under controlled conditions at 25±1°C. The plant material of the study consists of 2 cultivars and 8 genotypes. The study investigated the doses of NaCl at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM. The laboratory experiment was conducted by a completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Results: The increase in salt levels significantly (p<0.01) affected the germination and seedling characteristics of grasspea genotypes. It was determined that common grasspea genotypes were significantly affected by increasing salt concentrations with regard to germination parameters starting from the 50 mM salt dose. Regarding seedling parameters, grasspea genotypes were affected by salt concentrations beyond 50 mM in relation to seedling length and seedling dry weight, while other seedling parameters were negatively impacted even at the lowest salt dose. Conclusion: When all examined parameters were considered together, the Sel 668 genotype stood out for its tolerance to salinity and its performance in germination and seedling development.Öğe Zinc oxide nanoparticles for sustainable agriculture: A tool to combat salinity stress in rice (Oryza sativa) by modulating the nutritional profile and redox homeostasis mechanisms(Elsevier BV, 2025-03) Yusuf Dogan; Pravej Alam; Haider Sultan; Renuka Sharma; Sipan Soysal; Mehmet Firat Baran; Mohammad FaizanThe use of nanoparticles (NPs) as an amendment to reduce salt toxicity has gained much attention. Keeping in mind, this research work was done to evaluate the effect of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs) to mitigate the salt stress in rice (Oryza sativa) plant. Rice plants were subjected to salt stress (150 mM of NaCl) at 15 days of sowing through the soil. ZnO-NPs were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and were applied foliar at concentration of 100 mg/L for five consecutive days (26–30 DAS). The results confirmed the salt toxicity and reduced shoot length (27 %), root fresh weight (31 %), SPAD chlorophyll (29 %), net photosynthetic rate (24 %), and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) uptake by 9 %, 11 %, 13 % and 17 % respectively, while salinity increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in rice plants. However, in plants grown under salt stress, foliar application of ZnO-NPs significantly improved growth, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzymes activity. Beside, ZnO-NPs reduced salinity-induced oxidative stress by lowering H2O2 and MDA content. Therefore, our research showed that ZnO-NPs is useful and efficient in encouraging growth and lessening salinity stress in rice plants.Öğe Samsun ilinden toplanan farklı nodozite bakteri kültürü ile sera ve tarla koşullarında aşılamanın soya fasulyesi (Glycine max L.)’nin verimine ve azot kapsamına etkisi(Siirt Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, 30.06.2017) Bayraklı, Betül; Özyazıcı, Gülen; Özyazıcı, Mehmet ArifAraştırma; Samsun ilinde soya ekilen alanlardan toplanan nodül örneklerinden izole edilen Rhizobium japonicum suşlarının soya bitkisinin gelişimi ile azot kapsamına etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Nodül örnekleri; soya fasulyesi tarımının yoğun olduğu Samsun ilinin Çarşamba ve Terme ilçeleri ile Dikbıyık beldesinde, toplam 94 farklı tarladan toplanmıştır. İzolasyon çalışmaları ve sera denemeleri, Toprak Gübre ve Su Kaynakları Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü (TGSKMAE) laboratuvarı ve seralarında yürütülmüştür. Sera denemeleri sonucu izole edilen TGAE.Sam.58-a ve TGAE.Sam.60-c ve TGSKMAE koleksiyonunda bulunan TGAE.S.543/335/1089/649 no’lu suşları ile Samsun ilinde 9 farklı lokasyonda tarla denemeleri yürütülmüştür. Tarla denemeleri sonucu; tane verimi, tane azot kapsamı ve tane ile kaldırılan azot değerleri bakımından ele alınan bütün suşlar etkili bulunmuş, en etkili suşların ise TGAE.Sam.60-c ve TGAE.S.1809 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Lokasyonların ortalaması olarak, bakteri aşılamasının yapıldığı parsellerde soya tanesi ile kaldırılan N değerleri 23-30 kg da-1 arasında değişim gösterirken, kontrol konularının değeri 12-14 kg da-1 olmuştur. Samsun ili soya tarımı yapılan alanlar için, TGAE.Sam.60-c ve TGAE.S.1809 suşlarının kullanılması önerilmiştir.Öğe Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and antioxidant enzymes of basil (ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress conditions(30.11.2019) Rahimi, Amir; Ahmadi, Fatemeh; Özyazıcı, GülenWater scarcity in Iran has always been a limiting factor for crop and horticultural production. Under these conditions, the nutrient uptake and metabolism processes of plants are different and can reduce growth. To study water stress (at three levels) and six fertilizer regimes (Nitrogen fertilizer requirement by a combination of vermicompost and urea fertilizer) on the quantitative yield of experimental basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Results showed that water deficit treatment reduced leaf chlorophyll content, leaf soluble proteins, shoot dry weight and essential oil yield. The highest concentration of total chlorophyll and leaf soluble protein was obtained in normal irrigation and fertilizer regime of 1 ton vermicompost. And water deficit stress reduced these two traits. The lowest activity of antioxidant enzymes was obtained under non-stress conditions. Increasing of water deficit stress increased the activity of these antioxidants among fertilizer treatments. The highest activity of this antioxidant was obtained in non-fertilizer treatment and by adding vermicompost fertilizer to fertilizer treatment of this antioxidant. Forks also declined. The shoot dry weight and essential oil yield decreased under water deficit stress. Increasing vermicompost share in fertilizer treatments led to increased yield. The percentage of essential oil increased with moderate irrigation and decreased again with severe irrigation. In general, the results showed that vermicompost had a positive effect on both vegetative and physiological traits of the plant.Öğe Biyoenerji Bitkisi Olarak Dallı Darının (Panicum virgatum L.) Türkiye’de potansiyel yetiştirme alanlarının belirlenmesinde analitik hiyerarşi süreci ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri yaklaşımı(Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, 30.06.2019) Peşkircioğlu, Meral; Özaydın, K.Aytaç; Kodaş,Recep; Özyazıcı, Gülen; Aydoğmuş,Osman; Bağcı, Mustafa; Yıldız, Hakan; Karaman, Nuri; Akçelik, EsraBu çalışmada dallı darının ekolojik istekleri doğrultusunda belirlenen parametrelerin coğrafi katmanlarının oluşturulması, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci yöntemi ile bu parametrelerin önceliklerinin belirlenmesi ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri teknikleri ile işlenerek dallı darının potansiyel uygunluk haritasının elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Girdi olarak Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğünden temin edilen ve 1970 - 2017 yılları arası günlük ortalama, minimum ve maksimum sıcaklık iklim verisi, Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı tarafından üretilen sayısal toprak haritaları ve 2012 yılında güncellenen CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) sınıflama sistemine göre sınıflandırılmış arazi kullanımı (LCLU) haritaları altlık veriler olarak kullanılmıştır. İklim veri tabanından “thin plate smoothing spline” enterpolasyon yöntemiyle iklim yüzey haritaları elde edilmiştir. Üretilen haritalarda dallı darı isteklerine bağlı sorgulamalar yapılmış anlamlı bulunan parametreler katman olarak seçilmiştir. Raster formatında üretilen günlük ortalama sıcaklık (°C), dallı darıda biyokütle için biçim sayısı, toprak derinliği (cm) ve arazi kullanımı katmanları yeniden sınıflandırılmıştır. Böylece katmanlar alt katmanlara ayrılmış ve dallı darının ekolojik ihtiyaçlarına uygunluğu oranında yüksek puan verilmiştir. Daha sonra AHS yöntemiyle ana katmanların ağırlık değerleri (W) hesaplanmıştır. Katmanlar, hesaplanan ağırlık değerleri ile birlikte Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ortamında (CBS) uygunluk analizi için ağırlıklı çakıştırma analizine alınmıştır. Bu işlemin sonucunda 4 sınıflı “dallı darı potansiyel uygunluk haritası” elde edilmiştir. Bu haritada FAO (1976) sistemine göre yapılan sınıflama ile Türkiye’de dallı darıya çok uygun alanların (S1) %12 oranında, orta derecede uygun alanların (S2) %32 oranında, az derecede uygun alanların (S3) %41 oranında ve uygun olmayan alanların (N) %14 oranında yer aldığı belirlenmiştir.
