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Öğe Nano-Priming as Seed Priming Technology for Sustainable Agriculture(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Fatih Çiğ; Rojin Özek; Murat Erman; Sipan Soysal; Özge Uçar; Zeki Erden; Mustafa Ceritoğlu; Çağdaş Can Toprak; Sönmez Özbey; Muhammad A. Raza; Javeed A. Lone; Saifullah Abro; Muhammad Arshad; Mehmet EfeAgriculture is threatened by climate change and by the depletion of resources and biodiversity. Exploring new farming methods is needed to increase crop production and ensure food quality and safety in a sustainable way. Nanotechnology is an emerging trend that contributes to sustaining agricultural production. Seed nano-priming helps improve seed germination, seedling emergence, growth, and yield by resisting various plant stresses. Nano-priming is a more effective method than any other seed preparation method. Studies have shown several benefits of using seed nano-priming. By regulating biochemical pathways and the balance between reactive oxygen species and plant growth hormones, nano-priming helps increase resistance against stresses and diseases with the limited use of pesticides and fertilizers.Moreover, nano-priming prevents the continued damage caused by conventional agriculture, resulting in an environmentally safer system for farmers and consumers. The present review provides an overview of developments in the field, showing the challenges and possibilities of using nanotechnology in seed nano-priming to contribute to sustainable farming practices.Öğe NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE: A Potential Tool for Abiotic Stress Tolerance(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Ashwani Kumar; Ayamn El SabaghNanotechnology is emerging as an exciting field of research in relation to agriculture today, mainly due to its potential for tackling the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and climate change. This new book throws light on the use of nanoparticles as nanofertifilizers and details their prospective applications in agricultural science, including their use in minimizing the consequences of climate change, enhancing nutrient utilization efficiency, and achieving abiotic stress management. With chapters contributed by expert researchers from around the world, this book summarizes the importance of nanotechnology in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants, presenting the latest research on the application of nanotechnology in agriculture crop production, its various applications in crop growth enhancement under different abiotic stress conditions, and the uses of various nanoparticles in agricultural fields for better yield and productivity. The book begins with a basic introduction to the concept of nanotechnology and its role in modern agriculture and proceeds to cover some of the latest trends and highlighting the prospects of nanotechnology in promoting sustainable agriculture through nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanoencapsulation, nanosensors, nanobarcodes, and intelligent distribution systems. It also details important topics such as nano-priming as seed priming technology for sustainable agriculture, the role of Si and nano-silicon (SiNP) in ameliorating biotic and abiotic stresses, and more. The use of nanotechnology in specific plants is also discussed, such as, for example, in cotton, forage crops, medicinal crops, etc. Covering nanotechnology for its diverse use in agriculture, focusing on both its possibilities and challenges, this book will be valuable for researchers and agricultural scientists as well as for faculty and students in the emerging field of nanotechnology in agricultural sciences.Öğe Nanotechnologies: New Opportunities in Agriculture(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Carine Nono Temegne; Annie Stephanie Nana; Emmanuel Youmbi; M. S. Islam; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Muhammad Zahid Ihsan; Disna Ratnasekera; Celaluddin Barutcular; Ömer Konuşkan; Ayman El SabaghExponentially increasing human population and environmental concerns have necessitated exploiting the potential uses of nanotechnologies in agriculture, which can boost agricultural production in a biologically viable, commercially economical, and environmentally sustainable manner. Many countries have used nano-products in the agriculture sector with unprecedented advantages under the current climate change scenario. However, limited knowledge of nano-products on human health and the biosafety of foods needs immediate attention. This chapter synthesizes the present trends and highlights the prospects of nanotechnology in promoting sustainable agriculture through nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanoencapsulation, nanosensors, nanobarcodes, and intelligent distribution systems. The opportunities to use nanoparticles to reduce the damaging effects of agricultural practices on the environment and health, protect crops against pests, improve waste management, optimize food quality and safety, and supply fertilizers in a farming manufacturing system for a viable environment have been objectively elaborated.Öğe Application of Nanoparticles for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cotton(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Muhammad Ikram; Muhammad Faizan Khurram Maqsood; Abdul Rauf; Maryam Tahira; Maria Batool; Imran Khan; Asif Minhas; Jamila Dirbas; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Subhan Danish; Cetin Karademir; Emine Karademir; Rukiye Kiliç; Ayman El SabaghIn developing countries, major parts of the population are associated with agriculture for their livelihood and require innovative tools to address the problems of modern crop production. Because of its economic significance, cotton is one of the most important cash crops, commonly called “white gold.” However, its production is seriously threatened due to major abiotic adversaries such as temperature, drought, light, salt, nutrients, flooding, heavy metal pollution, and complex stresses such as harsh environments, saline-alkali soils, and coastal wetland environments. The negative impacts of abiotic stresses on plant growth and development result in lower lint output and financial losses. Nanotechnology is one of the most recent technologies developed to enable crop plants to survive and thrive under environmental stresses. The nanotechnology-based approaches can boost cotton production by minimizing the deleterious effects of abiotic stresses. Nanoparticles (NPs) can improve plant stress tolerance, crop quality and yield, and mitigate nutrient deficiencies. These benefits offered by NPs can be achieved through managing plant diseases, increasing chlorophyll content, and enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. Recent interest has developed in applying nano-pesticides, nano-herbicides, and nano-fertilizers as promising plant productivity enhancement technologies. Herein, recent advances have been synthesized on the negative consequences of NPs on the environment, human health, and the food chain, as well as their favorable effects on sustainable agriculture. Moreover, NPs’ uses for enhancing cotton productivity by averting the negative impacts of abiotic stresses have been objectively evaluated.Öğe Nanotechnology: A Sustainable Approach for Combating Climate Change(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Sumit Sow; Shivani Ranjan; Sanjay Kumar; Mainak Ghosh; Navnit Kumar; Smruti Ranjan Padhan; Arzu Çiğ; Fatih Çiğ; Ayman El SabaghIn the current era of climate change, the global population is rapidly increasing, presenting a significant challenge for the agricultural industry in providing nourishing food to meet the growing demand. However, numerous biological and environmental factors impose limitations on agricultural productivity. Thus, modern agricultural practices have enabled higher crop yields to sustain the expanding human population. Unfortunately, the use of harmful chemicals like pesticides and insecticides has resulted in severe environmental degradation and adverse health effects on humans. Fortunately, emerging technologies such as nanotechnology offer promising solutions to address these aforementioned challenges in the agricultural sector. Nanotechnology can serve as a protective measure and be utilized as nanocarriers for fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides. Its recent integra-tion into agricultural platforms has primarily focused on delivering plant hormones, managing water resources, facilitating seed germination, transfer-ring targeted genes, developing nanosensors, creating nanofertilizers, and implementing nano-barcoding techniques. Despite the numerous benefits of nanoparticle utilization, its application in agriculture remains limited. Nonetheless, nanotechnology has immense potential to revolutionize the agricultural industry and overcome its limitations.Öğe Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency of Crops Through Metabolic Engineering and Nanoformulation(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Chukwuma C. Ogbaga; Habib-Ur-Rehman Athar; Disna Ratnasekera; Hussan Bano; Aneela Kanwal Shahzadi; Misbah Amir; Islam F. Hassan; Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong; Nugun P. Jellason; Jude A. Okolie; Ayman El SabaghImprovements in crop yields have been a challenge for breeders and biotech-nologists, as multiple attributes must be considered simultaneously for successful breeding. These attributes include morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular features. In addition, they are closely associ-ated with the photosynthetic efficiency of crops. In recent years, there has been tremendous advancement in studies on morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes capable of improving photosynthetic efficiency through manipulation. However, there is limited information on the molecular processes that can similarly affect crops. Furthermore, the use of nanotech-nology for the improvement of crops has been scarcely studied. This chapter presents metabolic engineering as a molecular approach that enhances cell membrane thermostability and photosynthetic efficiency. We also consider nanoformulation as a growing nanotechnology approach. Nanoformulation involves using nanoparticles to deliver abiotic stress tolerance traits capable of improving photosynthetic efficiency. Finally, the analytical platforms used in the metabolic characterization of higher crops, which can be used to assess the metabolic profiles of nanoformulated crops, are discussed. This chapter provides molecular and nanotechnology crop-specific information to enable breeders and biotechnologists to breed successfully.Öğe Nano-Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture Under Limited Abiotic Conditions(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Anamika Dubey; Diksha Saiyam; Ashwani Kumar; Mohammed Latif Khan; Ayman El SabaghNutrient fertilization is essential for sustaining soil fertility and improving crop productivity. Horticultural crops rely heavily on chemical fertilizers, and precise nutrient management is a significant concern worldwide. Traditional fertilizers cost significantly, not just for farmers, but they may also damage individuals and the environment. This has prompted a hunt for ecologically benign fertilizers, particularly ones that employ nutrients efficiently, with nanotechnology as a possible option. Nanofertilizers can help with nutrition management because of their potential to significantly increase nutritional utilization efficiency. Nutrients are attached to nano-dimensional adsorbents, in which nutrients are released more slowly than traditional fertilizers, whether applied alone or in combination. This method improves fertilizer utilization and reduces nutrient loss into groundwater. Combined with microorganisms (so-called nanobiofertilizers), they may provide even greater benefits. Although the advantages of nanofertilizers undoubtedly open up new opportunities for sustainable agriculture, their limitations should be thoroughly researched before they are put on the market. The widespread discharge of nanoparticles entering the environment and food chain, in particular, might endanger human health. To summa-rize, while nanomaterials in agriculture offer promising possibilities for enhancing plants’ nutritional status and stress resistance while increasing yields in the face of climate change, not all applications of nanomaterials will be as reliable as others. Before using nanofertilizers, the hazards should be thoroughly investigated, and more biotechnological breakthroughs are necessary for the proper use of nanoparticles in agriculture that are both safe and effective. The interaction between nanoparticles and abiotic stressors, as well as the properties and functions of nanofertilizers, are discussed in this chapter, along with the benefits and drawbacks of each.Öğe Utilization of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Categorizing Review Studies on the Subject(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Ali Ihsan Kaya; Mehmet Firat Baran; Karthika Rajendran; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Ayman El SabaghDue to its vast potential, nanotechnology can be utilized in a variety of ways within agriculture. Nanotechnology applications include not only agricultural applications such as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, but also fields such as environmental pollution reduction, water resource cleaning, and so on. The world’s growing population necessitates an increase in agricultural productivity, which leads to the incorporation of nanotechnology-based applications into agricultural processes. The nanotechnology applications in agriculture such as plant fertilization and protection, food quality, and so forth, have enormous potential. However, the dangers it poses to humans and the environment are among the issues that must be addressed. Despite some of its negative effects, literature studies agree that the use of nanotechnology in agriculture is unavoidable, and represents a new agricultural revolution. In the view of predictions that nanotechnology will inevitably be incorporated in agricultural operations, it is vital that governments immediately enact legislative laws and prohibitions in this field to protect the environment and human health. This comprehensive study examines the applications of nanotechnology in agriculture under four subheadings, in regard to its limitations and future potential. In addition, review articles on nanotechnology published after 2010 were classified by their agricultural applications.Öğe Nano-Silicon-Mediated Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants: Mechanisms of Stress Mitigation(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Dinoo Gunasekera; Disna Ratnasekera; Basharat Ali; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Uzma Younis; Sharif Ahmed; Semih Açikbaş; Nizamettin Turan; Seyithan Seydoşoğlu; Ayman El SabaghSilicon (Si) is considered as the second most prevalent element in the Earth’s crust, having functional involvements in ionic homeostasis, water status, photosynthetic pathways, and other physiological processes. Silicon-mediated beneficial effects on plants have been elucidated against biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicon fertilization has been shown to be a significant remedial measure to enhance the growth and yield of many crop plants under stressful environments. Silicon-mediated stress alleviation comprises vital regulatory mechanisms, including prevention from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), osmotic balance, nutrient management, and tolerance to pests and diseases in many plant species. The mechanisms related to mitigating stresses by Si supplementation are associated with the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Such stress-mitigating processes significantly vary with crop species, soil characteristics, and plant and environmental interactions. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of Si involvement and the expression of related genes associated with Si-mediated stress mitigation need to be explored for better understanding. Thus, our attempt in this chapter is to explain the role of Si and nano-silicon (SiNP) in ameliorating biotic and abiotic stresses and their underlying mechanisms.Öğe The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Production and Quality of Medicinal Plants(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Gülen ÖzyaziciNanotechnology is applied in various fields, such as medicine, electronics, and agricultural sciences, and studies with nanoparticles (NPs) have intensified in agriculture, especially in recent years. Numerous perspectives have been considered while examining the benefits and drawbacks of applying nanoscience to several branches of botany, including seed germination, seedling development, plant production and quality, and plant physiology. This review study aimed to reveal the potential of NPs for use in medicinal plants. To this end, in this review article, the effects of nanofertilization with nanomaterials and nano-priming applications on the physiological, morphological, yield, and quality parameters of medicinal plants were examined and discussed from various aspects.Öğe Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Current Trends and Future Prospects Under Changing Climate(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Mawra Ishaq; Muhammad Mubeen; Sajjad Hussain; Hafiz Umar Farid; Ayman El Sabagh; Wajid Nasim; Mazhar Ali; Nasir Masood; Sajjad Ahmad; Hafiz Muhammad Rashad Javeed; Muhammad Amjad; Behzad Murtaza; Hafiz Mohkum Hammad; Maham Tariq; Muhammad Anwar-Ul-Haq; Muhammad Habib Ur RahmanNanotechnology is a developing technology for improving crop yield and can cope with current agricultural problems, including climate change. Climate change has an antagonistic effect on crop yield by exacerbating the rate of pest spread and decreasing the efficiency of old-fashioned pest control approaches. The nanomaterials have numerous properties: they have a high surface area, show slow-release action, and provide targeted action at active sites, and so forth. Plenty of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have shown real potential in farming and crop production. Nanofertilizers (NFs) are one of the most significant ways to increase resource efficacy in plants and lower pollution. Using nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, and nanosensors helps improve plant productivity. Plants become more robust and competitive than weeds and several other abiotic stresses. Silver nanoparticles play a vital role in controlling several seed and soil-borne phytopathogens. Therefore, nanotechnology has shown value in agriculture. Nanotechnology is a favor-able novel approach for plant disease management that has many advantages over conventional products, such as lower eco-toxicity, better efficacy, and less input requirement. Some promising results have been achieved when various nanomaterials were used on a number of crop plants.Öğe Nanotechnology: A Way Forward for Insect Pest Management(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Sheikh Aafreen Rehman; Sajad A. Ganie; Tamjeeda Nisar; Javeed A. Lone; Muhammad Jafir; Jamila Dirbas; Ayman El SabaghSynthetic pesticides have become an unavoidable component of Indian agri-culture. The increased use of these chemicals in the agricultural industry has resulted in several health and environmental risks. Recently, nanotechnology has revolutionized the world because of its numerous benefits. Actually, nanotech-nology is an interdisciplinary science that has the potential to transform current technology. Nanotechnology is any engineered material, structure, or system that operates on a scale of a hundred nanometers or less. Nanoparticles have proper-ties and behave differently from coarser bulk materials with similar chemical compositions due to their nanoscale. Because the chemicals are smaller, they spread more evenly on the pest and host surfaces and thus provide better action than conventional pesticides. Several formulations have been created, including nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, nanoencapsulation, and nanoparticles. Nano-formulated pesticides greatly reduce the dosage of chemical insecticides. Nanoparticles have been shown to cross biological membranes and kill cells. As a result, the role of nanotechnology in developing nanopesticides is an effective way to fill the gap in the conventional insecticide group.Öğe The Effect of Nanoparticles on the Production and Quality of Forage Crops(Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Mehmet Arıf ÖzyaziciNanotechnology is defined as research and development on a macromo-lecular scale, and nanoparticles are considered the main components of nanotechnology. These nanoscale materials are used in a wide variety of fields. Agriculture also has significant potential among these areas of use. This review study aimed to reveal the potential of nanoparticles for use in forage crops. To this end, the present review article examined and discussed the effects of nano-priming applications and nano-fertilization with nanoma-terials on the physiological, morphological, yield, and quality parameters of forage crops.Öğe CONVERGENCE TOPOLOGIES AND f-STATISTICALLY CAUCHY SEQUENCES(2025-01-01) Ramazan Kama; García-Pacheco, Francisco JavierModulus statistical convergence has already been transported to the general scope of uniform spaces. Here, the novel notion of f∗-statistically Cauchy sequence is introduced and studied in uniform spaces. Certain properties are verified, in particular, the relationship between f∗-statistically Cauchy sequences and f-statistically Cauchy sequences is unveiled. Finally, f-statistical limit points and fstatistical cluster points of a sequence are considered and studied, again in the general context of uniform spaces.Öğe Facile fabrication of carbon quantum dot-based CdS and Co-doped CdS nanocomposites as effective sensitizers for solar cell applications: a hydrothermal synthesis approach(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-05) Orhan Baytar; Sabit Horoz; Ömer Şahin; Sinan KutluayThe development of efficient and sustainable materials for solar energy conversion remains a key challenge in renewable energy research. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles are widely used as sensitizers in solar cells due to their favourable optoelectronic properties. However, their efficiency is often limited by charge recombination and poor electron transport. To overcome these limitations, this study explores the incorporation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and cobalt (Co) doping into CdS nanocomposites (NCs) to enhance their photovoltaic performance. CQDs, synthesized from mulberry molasses via a hydrothermal method, were incorporated into CdS to improve charge separation, while Co doping was employed to reduce recombination losses. The structural and electronic properties of the synthesized CdS/CQD and Co-doped CdS/CQD NCs were thoroughly characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The photovoltaic performance was evaluated by current-density-voltage (J-V) measurements, revealing that the Co-doped CdS/CQD NCs exhibited superior efficiency (2.21%) compared to CdS/CQD (2.17%). The observed improvement is attributed to enhanced electron injection and reduced recombination due to Co doping. These results highlight the potential of Co-doped CdS/CQD NCs as effective sensitizers in solar cells, offering a promising strategy for the advancement of sustainable photovoltaic technologies.Öğe Comparative analysis of microscopic and molecular methods for the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in experimentally infected dogs: Initial findings from digital PCR(Elsevier BV, 2025-07) Muhammed Ahmed Selcuk; Figen Celik; Sami SimsekCystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a significant zoonotic disease with profound public health and economic impacts. This study evaluated egg detection methods, molecular diagnostics, and post-treatment shedding dynamics in experimentally infected dogs. Three three-month-old male dogs were included in the study. Two experimental dogs (ED-1, ED-2) were orally infected with 20,000 E. granulosus protoscoleces, while one served as a control (CD). Stool samples were collected daily over 50 days post-infection and 30 days post-treatment. Detection of E. granulosus eggs was performed using the fülleborn and sieving flotation methods. Genomic DNA was extracted, and molecular analysis was conducted via conventional PCR, Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and digital PCR (dPCR). Egg detection in stool samples began on days 44-46 post-infection using flotation methods, while PCR detected parasite DNA as early as day 20. Both qPCR and dPCR consistently detected parasite DNA from day 1 to day 50 post-infection, with increased sensitivity observed after day 23. Treatment eliminated viable egg shedding within 2-4 days and post-treatment monitoring revealed intermittent detection up to day 30, with dPCR identifying copy numbers even when qPCR Ct values were undetectable. These findings highlight the superior sensitivity of molecular methods in early detection and their persistence in identifying DNA beyond egg-shedding periods. This raises important questions about interpreting molecular positivity in the prepatent phase and its implications for surveillance and diagnostics.Öğe Analytic solutions of the time-fractional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation via novel transformation technique(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-05-20) Bushra Yasmeen; Khalil Ahmad; Ali Akgül; Qasem Al-MdallalThis paper presents new analytical solutions for the time-fractional Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli (BLMP) equation, a crucial model for physical phenomena. Our approach yields novel wave solutions, whose propagation and dynamics are examined for diverse parameter values. The obtained solutions contain rational and natural logarithm functions. The graphical representations of the attained solutions are represented by plotted graphs with suitable parameters. The plotted graphs show different solitons and nonlinear wave solutions. The examination of these solutions involves a comprehensive analysis of their propagation and dynamics through analytic techniques. Our results with existing literature and found that our approach yields more accurate and efficient solutions. The novelty of these solutions is essential for understanding nonlinear behavior and natural phenomena. By developing analytical methods for nonlinear equations, this work advances our knowledge of complex systems. The results provide valuable insights into the equation’s behavior, shedding light on the underlying physical mechanisms. This research contributes to the development of analytical methods for nonlinear equations, fostering future research in the field. The findings are relevant to various areas of physics, including wave dynamics and nonlinear systems.Öğe Chaos and proportional integral derivative (PID) control on cancer dynamics with fractal fractional operator(Elsevier BV, 2025-06) Muhammad Farman; Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar; Khadija Jamil; Ali Akgül; Aceng Sambas; Mustafa Bayram; Mustafa Habib; Murad Khan HassaniThis study presents a cancer dynamics model incorporating a fractal-fractional operator with a Mittag-Leffler kernel to capture complex interactions among cancer cells, tumor suppressor cells, immune cells, and oncolytic viruses. The model aims to enhance understanding of tumor-immune dynamics and improve treatment strategies. The existence and uniqueness of the solution are established using fixed point theory under the Lipschitz condition. Lyapunov stability of the system is also analyzed in the context of the fractal-fractional operator. To address chaotic behavior in cancer progression, chaos and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control techniques are implemented. These control methods effectively stabilize the system and regulate treatment administration. Numerical simulations illustrate the influence of fractional-order derivatives on tumor suppression and immune response, confirming the model's effectiveness in reflecting real-world cancer dynamics.Öğe Pistachio Shell Ash in Agro-Waste Cement Composites: A Pathway to Low-Carbon Binders(MDPI AG, 2025-04-29) Mahmut Durmaz; Murat DoğruyolThis study evaluates pistachio shell ash (PSA) as a sustainable cement substitute and investigates its effect on setting time, strength and microstructure. In this study, pistachio shell ash (PSA) obtained from the kiln flue gas filter of pistachio shells burnt at 300–350 °C in an industrial kiln was used. PSA was substituted for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%. PSA increased the SO3 value in the cement mortars, so 5% PSA substitution delayed the cement setting time by up to 174%. However, it increased the water requirement of the cement mortar by about 2%. While it increased the early strength (22% on day 1, 15% on day 2, and 5% on day 7), the 28-day strength decreased slightly (about 4.5%) due to low pozzolanic activity. Microstructural analyses such as SEM-EDX and XRD showed that the calcite and gypsum phases of PSA provided early strength gains, but there were long-term losses. With a 5% replacement rate, PSA provides significant environmental benefits by reducing CO2 emissions while maintaining optimum mechanical performance and supports the circular economy through the efficient use of agricultural waste.Öğe The Structural Properties of an Aged Catalytic Converter and Determining the Effects on Engine Characteristics(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-04-22) Ibrahim Aslan Resitoglu; Himmet Ozarslan; Banu Sugozu; Husamettin Samet KayaCatalytic converters are emission control systems used to reduce the pollutant emissions, primarily CO and HC, in vehicles powered by gasoline engines. The establishment of emission limitations (standards) by various organizations makes the use of these control systems mandatory. Catalytic converters are widely used in gasoline engine vehicles to control pollutant emissions. However, the effects of the operating time of these systems on their structure and engine characteristics are an important research topic. This study aims to understand the alteration in the structure of aged catalytic converter and the effect of aged catalytic converter on engine performance and emission characteristics. In this context, the structures of aged and fresh catalytic converters were characterized using SEM, XRF, XRD, and BET surface area analyses. Additionally, the aged and fresh catalytic converters were tested on the vehicle under real operating conditions, and the engine power, CO, and HC emission values were compared. As a result of the analyses performed, it was determined that significant changes occurred in the structure of the catalytic converter depending on its usage. The surface area, pore structure, and precious metal content in the catalytic converter, which are crucial for catalytic activity, decreased, while toxicity increased. The engine performance and emission tests revealed that the aged catalytic converter caused an average decrease of 4.76% in engine power compared to the fresh catalytic converter. Additionally, the CO and HC emissions increased on average from 0.04% to 0.06% and from 9.40 ppm to 25.99 ppm, respectively.
