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Öğe Characteristic of the excretory system in Cassida palaestina Reiche, 1858 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-05-06) Mesut Sırrı; Damla Amutkan MutluThe Malpighian tubules are well-known and studied as the principal excretory organs in most insects. They play a key role in the production of primary urine and osmoregulation. It works with the rectum while regulating the water and salt balance in the body. The distal ends of the tubules are found in contact with the wall of the rectum in insects that feed on dry substances or live in a nearly dry environment and therefore, need to retain water: that is an arrangement known as a cryptonephric system. In this study, Cassida palaestina Reiche, 1858 is a beetle species belonging to the order Coleoptera was used as material, and the morphological features of the Malpighian tubules of this species were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The four cryptonephric Malpighian tubules of C. palaestina are found at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. The apical surface of tubule cells is surrounded by numerous microvilli. The cytoplasm of tubule cells fills with granules of many different sizes. Here, we reported our observations on the cryptonephridial complex in C. palaestina, and this study is almost the first study to examine the structure of the excretory system of the genus Cassida. Insights into the structure of the cryptonephridial complex of this species are compared with the well-studied cryptonephridial complexes of Cucujiformia. The findings were found to be quite similar to those of other species studied in the literature (with the structure of the Malpighian tubules of insects within the same order and from different orders). These data are the basis for future morphological studies. At the same time, the presence or absence of the cryptonephridial complex among species in the Cucujiformia infraorder, which C. palaestina is a part of, helps to understand the phylogenetic relationship.Öğe Rating of in vitro cytotoxicity activities and anti-xanthine oxidase activities of some non-proteoneogenic amino acid derivatives by molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies(Elsevier BV, 2025-09) Zuhal Alım; Serap Yalçın Azarkan; Namık Kılınç; Ebru AkkemikHyperuricemia is a chronic disease closely associated with many pathological conditions, including cancer, which occur due to increased uric acid levels. Xanthine Oxidase (XO) facilitates the stepwise conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequently to uric acid, serving a crucial function in purine metabolism. XO inhibitors are the most important therapeutic agents for the control of hyperuricemia. The fact that existing XO inhibitors have serious side effects has made it necessary to describe original, impressive inhibitors with minor side effects. In this study, since the close relationship between hyperuricemia and cancer, the inhibition effects of some non-proteogenic amino acid derivatives (1-4) on XO activity and their cytotoxic effects on triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) were examined together. The inhibition effects of molecules 1-4 on XO activity were determined by IC50 values, and for XO, IC50 values of 1-4 were found to be 1.338 µM, 1.357 µM, 1.788 µM, 1.228 µM respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the molecules (1-4) on MDA-MB-231 cell lines was investigated by XTT analysis. According to the results obtained, it is seen that the effect of the 2nd (IC50:98.55 µM) molecule is more toxic on the cells than the others and molecule 2 demonstrated significant inhibition of cell migration in MDA-MB-231 cells in a compared to the untreated control. The study was supported by molecular docking and molecular dynamics and ADME analyses. In conclusion, the results of this study may be useful in the design of XO inhibitor drugs for the treatment of hyperuricemia by contributing to the synthesis of new, effective amino acid-derived XO inhibitors with fewer side effects.Öğe Thermal management of photovoltaic panels using configurations of spray cooling systems(Elsevier BV, 2025-09) Fatih Bayrak; Alişan Gönül; Muhammet CamciPhotovoltaic panels suffer from significant efficiency losses at elevated temperatures, particularly in hot and arid environments. Effective thermal management is therefore essential to maximize energy output and extend system lifetime, as rising cell temperatures severely reduce photovoltaic efficiency. This study investigates the use of spray cooling systems to enhance photovoltaic panel performance by lowering surface temperatures as a potential solution. It experimentally evaluates 3-nozzle and 6-nozzle configurations using different nozzle diameters (0.2 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm) and spray distances (150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm). The results show that spray cooling substantially reduces panel surface temperatures and increases power output. The best performance is achieved with the 6-nozzle system equipped with 0.6 mm nozzles at a 250 mm distance, yielding a 47.2 % reduction in surface temperature and a 30.7 % increase in power output. Thermal imaging confirms that this configuration provides a more uniform surface temperature distribution and mitigates hotspot formation compared to the 3-nozzle system. This work offers a comprehensive experimental analysis of nozzle number, diameter, and spray distance, and demonstrates the strong potential of optimized spray cooling systems to significantly enhance photovoltaic performance in high-temperature and dry climatic zones.Öğe Integration of compost with mineral NPK fertilizers for improving wheat yield and soil health(Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2024-12-12) Abdul Basir; Sikandar Iqbal; Muhammad Adnan; Mushtaq Ahmad Khan; Rattan Lal; Shah Fahad; Beena Saeed; Manzoor Ahmad; Ibrahim Al-Ashkar; Çağdaş Can Toprak; Zeki Erden; Ayman El SabaghTreating the soil with balanced and appropriate fertilizers is vital for obtaining optimum yield and maintaining soil health in a sustainable manner. One of the bottlenecks to sustainable agricultural production is soil depletion due to unbalanced fertilization. To overcome these problems, a pot experiment was carried out, to explore the potential of composts and mineral fertilizers on the soil health, yield and NPK uptake in wheat in calcareous soil. NPK were supplemented through different sources including T1: Control, T2: 100% NPK as compost I (CI), T3: 100% NPK as compost II (CII), T4: 50%NPK each as CI and mineral fertilizers, T5: 50%NPK each as CII and mineral fertilizers, T6: 100% NPK as mineral fertilizers (120: 90: 60 kg ha-1). Significantly taller plants of (92.6 cm), higher spike length (11.60 cm), thousand grain weight (47.54 g), biological yields (9706.2 kg ha-1) and grain yield (4070 kg ha-2) were recorded at T5. Similarly, maximum leaves N content (1.54%) and P content (0.19%), soil mineral N (192.8 kg ha-1), nitrogen use efficiency (36.1 higher over control) and minimum soil pH (7.76) were also recorded were also observed at in pots treated with (50% NPK each as CII and mineral fertilizers) while the organic matter was highest in pots treated with full dose of CI. Therefore, application of NPK 50% each as mineral fertilizers and compost (CII) is recommended for obtaining optimum crop yield and improved soil and crop quality under calcareous soils.Öğe The effect of case hardening on the natural preservation of stone monuments, Fraktin monument, Türkiye(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-05-03) Mustafa Korkanç; İsmail İnce; Mehmet Yavuz Hüseyinca; Mehmet Bahadır Tosunlar; Mehmet Ergün HatırCase-hardening processes that develop in monuments reduce the porosity of rocks while increasing surface hardness. This situation may contribute to the transfer of cultural stone heritage markers to future generations by limiting the penetration into the rock structure of water, which is the most destructive agent in atmospheric weathering processes. This study focused on the Fraktin relief monument, which was created by the Hittites in the 13th century BCE by carving into the rock surface. The site was investigated to reveal the case-hardening mechanism and its effects on the physical properties of the rock. The geochemical formation mechanism of the surface-hardening process, which contributed to the survival of the Fraktin relief monument, was examined by use of scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and analysis by an inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In addition, the effect of the hardening on the physical properties of the rock was investigated with nondestructive tests applied both in situ and in a laboratory. The SEM-EDS and ICP-MS analyses revealed that amorphous silica filled the pores of the rock and created surface hardening. This situation has increased the geotechnical properties of the unit in which the monument was carved, making it more resistant to atmospheric processes.Öğe Radiative heat transfer in MHD copper-based polymer nanofluid over a sphere using larger radius and inter particle spacing of nanoparticles(Elsevier BV, 2025-06) Adil Darvesh; Imed Boukhris; Luis Jaime Collantes Santisteban; M.S. Al-Buriahi; Zainab Mufarreh Elqahtani; Ali Akgül; Lucerito Katherine Ortiz García; Murad Khan HassaniThe impact of nanoparticle size and interparticles spacing play a crucial role in fluid theology due to its significance on enhance heat transfer performance, which is crucial in many engineering and industrial processes particularly in thermal management systems. Due to this attention, the proposed study aims to explore the influence of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing on thermal transport in a Copper (Cu) Polymer nanofluid over a sphere with radiative and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects. Physical model incorporates Carreau fluid viscosity model. In addition, with incorporation of exponential heat generation and thermal radiation, the analysis reveals how tuning nanoparticle geometry significantly enhances heat transfer performance, which is critical for advanced thermal management systems. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations and solved using the well-known bvp4c computational method. Results of proposed study indicate that larger nanoparticles and wider inter-particle spacing improve thermophysical and rheological behavior of fluid specifically thermal conductivity and fluid viscosity, which enhanced heat transport and intensified the temperature profile. Conversely, velocity profile decreases for smaller particle sizes and spacing but improves with increased nanoparticle dimensions.Öğe Mathematical Modelling of Dengue Transmission with Adaptive Fuzzy Backstepping Control and RK-5 Numerical Method(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-04-25) G. M. Vijayalakshmi; M. Ariyanatchi; Ali AkgülThe aim of this research is to create an adaptive nonlinear fuzzy backstepping robust controller for a dengue disease outbreak model. We use an SIR-SI compartmental mathematical model to analyse the diffusion mechanism of dengue disease. A nonlinear adaptive controller regulates prevention strategies for susceptible human beings and enhances hospitalization-based treatment for the infected people. Besides, the spraying of chemical insecticides will reduce the infected mosquito population. Adaptation laws are used to derive fuzzy system parameters, enhancing the system's adaptability. Then we construct a suitable Lyapunov function, which guarantees convergence, robustness, and stability for a closed-loop system. Finally, we plot all the system's control variables graphically and calculate their numerical approximations using the Runge–Kutta technique of fifth order. These simulations demonstrate that the proposed adaptive controllers can effectively control the dengue disease and ensure the stability of the system. Hence, we conclude that adaptive backstepping control measures can protect more people from dengue infection.Öğe Hydrogen production and electrochemical energy storage with a dual-function application of boron and oxygen-doped biomass-based porous activated carbon-based composite material(Elsevier BV, 2025-05) Yavuz Yardım; İlyas Genel; Cafer SakaIn this study, boron (B) and oxygen (O) atoms were doped into activated carbon (AC) derived from pomegranate peel biowaste through potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation using boric acid. This material (B, O doped ACPP) is used both as a metal-free catalyst in the production of hydrogen (H2–P) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in methanol (CH3OH) and as an electrode for a supercapacitor in the energy storage field. The results provide significant increases in both application areas with the same material. The TEM analysis revealed the formation of uniformly distributed nanoscale particles (∼8.25 nm), which further increases the accessible surface area and shortens ion diffusion paths. The completion time of H2 release by NaBH4 reaction in only CH3OH is 16 min. However, the H2–P reaction of NaBH4 in CH3OH with B, O doped ACPP is completed in 7 min. H2 production rate (HGR) value obtained using B, O doped ACPP with 0.25 g NaBH4 is 18471 mLmin−1gcat−1. A substantial enhancement of approximately 2.5 times in specific capacitance is observed for B, O-doped ACPP compared to ACPP. At a current density of 1.6 A g−1, the B, O-doped ACPP-GCE electrode demonstrates excellent cycling stability, 87.8 % of its capacitance after 10.000 cycles. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) values were measured to be 41.1 Ω for ACPP and 17.7 Ω for B, O doped ACPP.Öğe A Significant Need in the Medical Field: A New Method for Putrescine, Spermine and Spermidine Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)(MDPI AG, 2025-03-21) Naci Ömer AlayuntThe analysis of polyamines such as putrescine, spermine, and spermidine is very important for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially in the field of medicine and health. However, HPLC analysis methods are very limited in the literature. This study is very important in terms of validation parameters such as the linearity, reproducibility, and standard operating curves of polyamines such as serum putrescine, spermine and spermidine. Therefore, we developed a modified method for the analysis of serum putrescine, spermine, and spermidine. This study is superior to indirect measurement methods and is important as a gold standard. In this study, a reproducible method was developed according to the standard putrescine, spermine, and spermidine working curves and other validation criteria for HPLC. Polyamine biosynthesis is an ancient metabolic pathway found in all living organisms and the homeostasis of polyamines is essential for cell survival. This new HPLC method is a first in the field of medicine in that it provides fast, accurate, and reliable results in serum putrescine, spermine, and spermidine analysis and is used in routine analyses in the diagnosis of some specific diseases.Öğe Control Effectiveness of Kaolin Clay and Neem on Agonoscena pistaciae in Pistachio Orchards(MDPI AG, 2025-03-29) Halil Dilmen; Mehmet Salih Özgökçe; Cevdet Kaplan; Hilmi KaraThe pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena pistaciae) is a major pest threatening pistachio production in Siirt province, Türkiye. This study evaluated the efficacy of a clay mineral, kaolin, and a botanical insecticide, neem extract, in managing this pest, aiming to reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides. Field experiments were conducted to compare the performance of these treatments with that of the synthetic insecticide spirotetramat SC 100 at various application rates. The results demonstrated that kaolin significantly reduced oviposition rates, achieving up to 100% deterrence, while neem extract exhibited substantial nymph mortality rates of up to 84.75%. These findings highlight the potential of mineral- and plant-based alternatives as effective components of integrated pest management strategies for pistachio psyllid control, offering sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions for minimizing economic losses and pesticide residues in pistachio production.Öğe Enhancing Wheat Productivity and Reducing Lead Uptake Through Biochar, Bentonite, and Rock Phosphate Integration(MDPI AG, 2025-04-14) Mohamed S. Elshikh; Mona S. Alwahibi; Zaffar Malik; Ahmad Ali; Hassan Mehmood; Hafiz Tanvir Ahmad; Sipan Soysal; P. V. Vara Prasad; Ivica Djalovic; Bogdan DugalicHeavy metal (HMs) toxicity has severely impacted wheat production and is considered an emerging threat to human health due to bioaccumulation. The application of organic and inorganic amendments has proven effective in mitigating HM’s phytotoxicity by limiting their mobility in soil and plants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of biochar (BC), bentonite (BN), and rock phosphate (RP), both individually and in combination, in alleviating lead (Pb) toxicity and enhancing wheat growth, and physiological attributes. The present investigation revealed that BC, BN, RP, and their combined mineral biochar amendments (MBAs) at 1.5% level significantly enhanced wheat growth along with reducing DTPA-extractable Pb in soil by 30.0–49.8% and Pb uptake in roots by 15.7–37.5% and in shoots by 34.5–48.5%. Antioxidant enzymatic activities were improved, and stress indicators were reduced in roots and shoots of wheat under Pb stress, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 50.7 and 81.0%, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 16.0 and 74.9%, and proline content by 34.5 and 64.0%, respectively. The effectiveness of the treatments is described in descending order viz. MBA-1 > MBA-3 > MBA-2 > BC > RP > BN under Pb stress. In conclusion, the integration of biochar, bentonite, and rock phosphate is a promising strategy for sustainable and cleaner cereal crop production under heavy metal stress conditions.Öğe Evaluation of miRNA Profile and Its Relationship with Metabolic Disorders in Obese and Pre-Obese Patients(MDPI AG, 2025-04-17) Kürşat Kargün; Erhan Aygen; Mehmet Fatih Ebiloğlu; Naci Ömer Alayunt; Lütfiye Kadıoğlu DalkılıçObesity is a growing global public health concern, with its prevalence rapidly increasing in Turkey, leading to severe consequences. Genetic factors, particularly mutations in structural genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in gene expression regulation have been widely investigated in obesity research. This study aimed to explore the role of obesity-associated miRNAs and their potential interaction with vascular response alterations. A total of 60 obese and pre-obese patients and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls from the General Surgery Department of Fırat University Medicine School were included. The expression levels of 93 miRNAs were analyzed in 86 samples using the Fluidigm Biomark RT-PCR system, with 5S RNA as the housekeeping gene. Significant differences were observed in weight, BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and lymphocyte counts between the groups (p < 0.0001). Several miRNAs, including hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-503-3p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, and hsa-miR-199a-3p, were significantly downregulated in obese patients. Additionally, gender-specific differences in miRNA expression were identified. These findings indicate that miRNAs play a crucial role in obesity pathophysiology and could serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for obesity treatment.Öğe Improving the Accuracy of Groundwater Level Forecasting by Coupling Ensemble Machine Learning Model and Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-05-03) Ahmed M. Saqr; Veysi Kartal; Erkan Karakoyun; Mahmoud E. Abd-ElmaboudGroundwater levels are under severe pressure globally due to over-extraction, pollution, and climate change necessitating continuous monitoring for sustainable aquifer management. This study introduces a novel ensemble machine learning (En) model that integrates shallow and deep machine learning (ML) models, optimized through the coronavirus herd immunity optimizer (CHIO), for accurate groundwater level forecasting. This En model was applied to the Ergene River Basin, Türkiye, a region facing severe groundwater depletion and contamination due to intensive agricultural and industrial activities. Groundwater level data spanning 1966 to 2023 on a weekly basis from four wells were used, split into 70% for training and 30% for testing under short- and long-term scenarios. Using the partial autocorrelation function and gamma test the best lag numbers were determined for input data, reflecting aquifer heterogeneity. Score analysis, supported by statistical metrics such as the coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE), was employed alongside visual aids to assess the developed En model performance. Results demonstrated that deep ML models outperformed shallow ML models achieving R² ~ 0.99 and RMSE ~ 0.5 m. The developed En model outperformed all individual ML models, with score values exceeding 200, and its predictions closely aligned with measured water levels during both testing phases. The findings underscored the developed En model’s contribution to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) by enhancing water-use efficiency and addressing environmental, economic, and social sustainability challenges. The proposed approach offers a reliable and adaptable solution for groundwater level forecasting, applicable to other aquifers worldwide.Öğe Afet Toplanma Alanlarının Yer Seçimi ve Yeterliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: Siirt Kenti Örneği(Turkish Journal of Earthquake Research, Disaster and Emergency Management Authority, 2025-04-30) Adnan Alkan; Ümit Çelebi; Zeynel KaylıTürkiye is one of the most affected countries in the world by natural disasters (earthquake, flood, landslide, avalanche and rock fall). The number of events caused by natural disasters in Türkiye in 2022 is 22,982. Therefore, it has become a necessity to determine disaster assembly areas in cities and to make the infrastructure and physical qualities of cities resilient. Siirt city, located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye, is open to be affected by many disaster events due to its location. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the adverse conditions that will arise during and after natural disasters in Siirt city and to analyse the suitability of existing assembly areas by using GIS method. In Siirt, 25 disaster assembly areas were determined by AFAD in 20 neighborhoods. A significant portion of these gathering areas are open and green spaces within the neighbourhoods. There are fault lines that can produce major earthquakes in the immediate vicinity of the city of Siirt, and as a matter of fact, major earthquakes have occurred in these areas in the past. As a result of the evaluations made, it is seen that the existing assembly areas of the city in case of any disaster are inadequate in comparison with other criteria, especially population. As a result, Siirt has a fragile structure in terms of infrastructure, building stock and settlement pattern.Öğe Molecular detection, epidemiology and phylogenetic evaluation of Babesia ovis in apparently healthy goats(Elsevier BV, 2025-08) Asia Taqddus; Muhammad Naeem; Hira Muqaddas; Ceylan Ceylan; Onur Ceylan; Ferda Sevinc; Maryam Rahravani; Meysam Moravedji; Alireza Sazmand; Furhan IqbalBabesia (B.) ovis is an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite that infects small ruminants globally, causing economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence of B. ovis in 1200 asymptomatic goats of various breeds across four districts in Punjab, Pakistan: Layyah, Lohdran, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Rajanpur. The enrolled goats represented ten breeds, including Daira Din Pannah (n = 890), Pahari goat (n = 68), Nukri (n = 44), Teddy (n = 37), Lail Puri (n = 36), Beetal (n = 36), Dessi (n = 32), Makhi Cheena (n = 27), Muhammad Puri (n = 19) and Fazil Puri (n = 11). The hematological and biochemical profiles of the goats, risk factors associated with the infection, and the phylogenetic relationship of the detected isolates were also evaluated. In total, 105 blood samples (9.6 %) tested positive by PCR. Sanger sequencing of a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed B. ovis. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed 99-100 % similarity with isolates previously reported from Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Spain. The infection rate varied across districts, with the highest prevalence observed in goats from Rajanpur (13 %), followed by Dera Ghazi Khan (11 %), Layyah (7 %), and Lohdran (5 %) (P = 0.003). The susceptibility to infection varied among goat breeds, with Lail Puri breed showing the highest susceptibility (P = 0.03). Risk factor analysis revealed that goats under one year of age and those kept on farms where other animals and dogs were also present had higher B. ovis infection rates. Babesia ovis-infected goats showed reductions in white and red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, and alterations in serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine levels. This study provides updated data on the prevalence of B. ovis in local Pakistani goat populations, emphasizing the need for integrated control strategies against this tick-borne pathogen.Öğe A comprehensive method for exploratory data analysis and preprocessing the ASHRAE database for machine learning(Elsevier BV, 2025-08) Amir Rahmanparast; Muhammed Milani; Muhammet Camci; Yakup Karakoyun; Ozgen Acikgoz; Ahmet Selim DalkilicThermal comfort prediction is crucial for building energy efficiency and occupant comfort. ML methods are commonly used to predict thermal comfort. This research presents a comprehensive process for exploring and preprocessing the ASHRAE Database, providing a substantial dataset comprising 107,583 records of thermal comfort observations to create ML algorithms that can estimate Fanger's PMV. With the most detailed cleaning and preprocessing stages in the literature, which included the imputation of missing values and the management of outliers, the final dataset is reduced to 55,443 records for the analyses. For practical applications and indoor comfort assessments, its estimation offers significant advantages due to its speed, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. This study aimed to investigate which parameters are important in Fanger's PMV model and which subset of variables is best for variable selection using different feature selection and analysis methods. The Ta and Tr had a high correlation value of 0.92, indicating a robust link between these two variables. The study employed Feature importance, the SelectKBest, SHAP, P-box, and PDP analyses, which showed consistency and suggested condensing the first six elements into three, and also was validated with the Chinese Database with 41,977 entries. The study targeted three parameters: Ta, clo, and M, using less expensive and simple measurement devices. To evaluate the accuracy of the research performance, RF and SVM models were created based on these three parameters. The results indicated that they have the accuracies of 85% and 70%, respectively, which are far better than the conventional models.Öğe Exploring the fixed point theory and numerical modeling of fish harvesting system with Allee effect(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-04-24) Muhammad Waqas Yasin; Mobeen Akhtar; Nauman Ahmed; Ali Akgül; Qasem Al-MdallalFish harvesting has a major role in nutritive food that is easily accessible for human nourishment. In this article, a reaction-diffusion fish harvesting model with the Allee effect is analyzed. The study of population models is a need of this hour because by using precautionary measures, mankind can handle the issue of food better. The basic mathematical properties are studied such as equilibrium analysis, stability, and consistency of this model. The Implicit finite difference and backward Euler methods are used for the computational results of the underlying model. The linear analysis of both schemes is derived and schemes are unconditionally stable. By using the Taylor series consistency of both schemes is proved. The positivity of the Implicit finite difference scheme is proved by using the induction technique. A test problem has been used for the numerical results. For the various values of the parameters, the simulations are drawn. The dynamical properties of continuous models, like positivity, are absent from the simulations produced by the backward Euler scheme. Implicit finite difference scheme preserves the dynamical properties of the model such as positivity, consistency, and stability. Simulations of the test problem prove the effectiveness of the Implicit finite difference scheme.Öğe Effects of irrigation level, plant density, and nitrogen doses on sweet corn yield and water productivity(Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2024-11-01) Hayrettin Kuşçu; Halis Seçme; İpek KarakuşPlant density, nitrogen and irrigation management are three important agricultural inputs that affect plant yield and quality. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of varying plant densities, irrigation water levels and nitrogen rates on the yield, some yield components and irrigation water productivity (IWP) of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivated in an open-field environment. To this end, two-year field experiments were carried out using the Challenger F1 corn variety on clay-textured soil in the Bursa province located in the Southern Marmara Region of Turkey. In the first year of the experiment, plant density in the main plots and irrigation levels in split plots were randomized. Accordingly, two plant density levels (57000 and 95000 plants ha-1) and three irrigation levels (100%, 67%, and 33% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc)) were applied. In the second year of the experiment, three irrigation levels in main plots (100%, 80%, and 60% of ETc) and three N fertility ratios (150, 300, and 450 kg ha-1) in split plots were assigned. A combination of 95000 plants ha-1 population and 100%ETc irrigation ratio provided maximum fresh ear yield. The irrigation treatment 80%ETc, accompanied by 300 kg N ha-1, and 76000 plants ha-1 population was determined as the optimal management system for maximum yield, yield components, and IWP. To preserve soil and water resources, the optimal management system at maximum yield and IWP should be implemented for sweet corn production in the Marmara region.Öğe Evaluation of machine learning applications in building life cycle processes for energy efficiency: A systematic review(Elsevier BV, 2025-06) Gevher Nesibe Kaya; Figen Beyhan; Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy; Jan CudzikIn recent years, machine learning has been increasingly applied to achieve energy efficiency in buildings. This study analyzes the utilization of machine learning across the building life cycle by reviewing literature on building energy efficiency. In this context, a systematic literature search was conducted using the Web of Science (WOS) search engine, and 868 publications were found. The publications were analyzed according to their year, subject scope, and qualification results, and 84 publications were selected. These publications were discussed under five categories: objective function and control variables, programs, simulations, machine learning, and optimization algorithms. The relationships between these categories and each phase of the building life cycle were examined. The findings suggest that machine learning can effectively optimize factors related to energy efficiency and building sustainability throughout the life cycle, and it is anticipated that interdisciplinary studies incorporating machine learning will experience exponential growth in the future.Öğe Numerical Solutions of Fractional Systems Using Bessel Artificial Neural Network Based Integrated Intelligent Computing(ASME International, 2025-03-28) Mariam Sultana; Uroosa Arshad; Ali Akgül; M. KhalidNowadays, fractional differential equations (FDE's), with their numerical solutions, are a developing area of research since differential equations of these sort are a frequent presence in different fields of physical sciences. In this research article, a Bessel Artificial Neural Network Technique (BANNT) has been presented to solve Systems of FDE's where fractional derivative operator (practiced here) is of a newly defined Atangana Baleanu Caputo (ABC) type. ABCFD is a modified version of caputo fractional derivative that helps in solving such systems of FDE's. This technique integrates knowledge about the FDE's into BANNT and the training sets. BANNT is being used repeatedly to solve different variety of problems addressing a wide range of disciplines. After developing the technique, the BANNT is applied to some system of differential equations of the Fractional Order. Numerous illustrations have been presented to elucidate the implementation and efficiency of the BANNT, and the numerical results obtained are then graphically plotted.
