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    Ameliorative effects of astaxanthin against copper(II) ion-induced alteration of pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system enzymes in rats
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Temel, Yusuf; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Akkoyun, Hurrem Turan
    Copper (Cu) is one of the toxic elements that cause environmental pollution. As a result of excessive accumulation of copper in the organism, it causes damage in various organs and tissues and hemolysis in erythrocytes. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a pigment belonging to the xanthophyll family, which is an oxygenated derivative of carotenoids. Thanks to its powerful antioxidant properties, ATX has an extraordinary potential to protect the organism against various diseases, especially cancer. The main objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of copper ions on the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes and the role of astaxanthin in reducing this effect. In in vivo study, Wistar Albino male rats (n=28) were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group, copper (Cu2+) group, astaxanthin (ATX) group, and copper + astaxanthin (Cu2++ATX) group. The results show that G6PD enzyme activity in Cu2+ group was strongly inhibited (p < 0.05), while in other groups, there were no significant effects compared to the control group (p > 0.05). 6PGD enzyme activity was significantly reduced in Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05), and GR enzyme activity was lower in Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, when GST enzyme activity was evaluated, a strong decrease was observed in the Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05), while the enzyme activity in the Cu2++ATX group approached the control group (p > 0.05). When TrxR enzyme activity level was examined, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the Cu2+ and Cu2++ATX groups (p < 0.05), and the enzyme activity in the ATX group was found to be close to that in the control group. When in vitro results were evaluated, it was observed that copper ions inhibited G6PD enzyme purified from rat erythrocyte tissues with IC50=1.90 mu M value and Ki = 0.97 mu M +/- 0.082 value and the inhibition was non-competitive. From the results, it can be concluded that Cu2+ ions have an inhibitory effect on rat erythrocyte pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system enzymes both in vivo and in vitro, and astaxanthin reduces this effect.
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    Effect of astaxanthin and aluminum chloride on erythrocyte G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities in vivo and on erythrocyte G6PD in vitro in rats
    (Wiley, 2017) Temel, Yusuf; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Akkoyun, Hurrem Turan; Akkoyun, Mahire; Ciftci, Mehmet
    In this study, we investigated the effect of astaxanthin (Ast) and aluminum (Al) on the erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) enzymes activities in vivo and on G6PD enzyme in vitro in rats. For in vitro studies, G6PD enzyme was purified from rat erythrocyte by using 2,5-ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity gel. The effects of Ast and Al3+ ion were investigated on the purified enzyme. It was determined that Ast increased the enzyme activity, whereas Al3+ inhibited the enzyme activity noncompetitively (IC50 values; 0.679mM, K-i values 1.32mM). For in vivo studies, the rats were divided into the groups: control (Cont.), Al, Ast, and Al+Ast. The last three groups were compared with the control group. In Al group, a significant degree of inhibition was observed in the activity of G6PD and 6PGD enzymes when compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas there was an increase in the activities of G6PD and 6PGD enzymes in Ast and Al+Ast groups (P<0.05).
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    Effect Of Astaxanthin On Rat Brains Against Oxidative Stress Induced By Cadmium:Biochemical, Histopathological Evaluation
    (2018) Akkoyun, Hurrem Turan; Bengü, Aydın Şükrü; Ulucan, Aykut; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; Ekin, Suat; Temel, Yusuf; Çiftçi, Mehmet
    Aim of this study is to evaluate protective impact of Astaxanthin (AST) on rats with experimentalbrain injury induced with Cadmium (Cd). 32 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups as Control,Cadmium, Astaxanthin (AST), Cadmium (Cd)+Astaxanthin (AST). Rat brain tissues were obtained at the endof 30th day. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymeactivities were measured in brain homogenates and histopathological examination was performed. MDA levelswere improvement in cadmium administered group (p<0.01) as well as Cd+AST administered group (p<0.05)compared to control group. In addition a substantial reduction Cd+AST group was observed compared to cadmiumadministered group (p<0.01). GSH level shows a decrease in Cd and Cd+AST groups compared to control (p<0.05).SOD enzyme activity was found significantly lower in Cd and Cd+AST groups compared to control (p<0.01). Inaddition, increase of SOD in Cd+AST group compared to cadmium group was also found significant (p<0.05).Histopathological findings in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were different between groups. In the controland AST administered groups, normal histological structure was observed in the brain, while severe lesions wereseen in the Cd administered group and in the Cd+AST group only mild degenerative lesions were observed.As a result, elevated MDA level due to Cd administration was attenuated with AST administration. Decreased GSHlevel and SOD enzyme activity due to Cd administration was increased with AST administration. In addition, ASTadministration decreased histopathological lesions. Consequently, it is thought that AST may be used for protectionagainst brain oxidative damage due to Cd.
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    In Vivo and in Vitro Regulatory Effect of Silibinin on Some Metabolic Enzyme Activities against Cobalt Induced Toxicity in Rats: A Biochemical Approach
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Karagozoglu, Fatma; Melek, Sule; Bengu, A. Sukru; Erdem, Sinem Aslan
    The study aimed to examine the in vivo inhibition effect of cobalt ion and silibinin on metabolic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and their in vitro inhibition effect on 6PGD. Twenty-four Wistar Albino rats weighing approximately 250-300 g were used in the study. The rats were divided into 4 groups as group 1 (control): isotonic serum (0.5 mL i.p), group 2 (cobalt): (150 mg kg/day cobalt), group 3 (silibinin): (100 mg/kg/day silibinin), group 4 (cobalt + silibinin). As a result of the in vivo applications, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the activities of G6PD (p < 0.05), 6PGD (p < 0.05), GR (p < 0.05), and GST (p < 0.05) enzymes in the groups that were administered cobalt compared to the control group. It was also found that the activities of G6PD (p < 0.05), 6PGD (p > 0.05), GR (p > 0.05), and GST (p > 0.05) enzymes increased in groups that were administered cobalt + silibinin compared to the group that was administered cobalt. As for in vitro applications, it was found that different Co2+ ions inhibited 6PGD enzyme which was obtained as a result of purification with IC50 = 346.6 mu M value, while silibinin increased 6PGD enzyme activity within the concentration range of 100-750 mu M by 40%. As a result, it was found that cobalt ions had an inhibition effect on G6PD, GR, and GST enzymes, which are vitally important for living metabolism, in vitro and in vivo and inhibited 6PGD enzyme activity in vitro, and silibinin increased these enzyme activities in vivo and 6PGD enzyme activity both in vivo and in vitro and decreased the inhibition effect.
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    Investigation of In Vivo Effects of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) and Quercetin on Some Metabolic Enzyme Activities in Rat Erythrocyte
    (2022) Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Bengü, Aydın Şükrü; Karagözoğlu, Fatma
    In the study; the purpose was to investigate the in vivoimpact of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)andquercetin(Qu)onactivitiesofimportantmetabolicenzymessuchasGlucose6-phosphatedehydrogenase(G6PD),6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenase(6PGD),glutathione reductase(GR)andglutathioneS-transferase(GST)inraterythrocytes. Attheexperimental stage,ratsweredividedinto4groups.1.Group(Control):Pureoliveoilatadosedetermined according to their body weight (1mL/kg) was given to the rats in this group, 2.Group (CCl4: 1.0 mL/kg(ip)(1:1),3.Group(Ku:25)mg/kg(ip),4.Group(CCl4(1.0ml/kg(ip)+Ku(25mg/kg (ip) was injected. The study was continued for 3 days.The results revealed that the activities of; G6PD (p?0.01),6PGD(p?0.01),GR(p?0.001)andGST(p?0.05)enzymeactivitieswere decreasedintheCCl4groupcomparedtothecontrolgroup.Itwasdeterminedthatenzyme activitieswerehigher in CCl4+Qu applied groups compared to CCl4group.Theapplication of Qu caused an increase in theenzyme activity value. This can be accepted as an indication that theinhibitioncausedbyCCI4hasdisappeared.Consequently;ItisthoughtthatQumaybe effective in preventing oxidative damage due to CCl4administration.
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    The effect of astaxanthin and cadmium on rat erythrocyte G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and TrxR enzymes activities in vivo and on rat erythrocyte 6PGD enzyme activity in vitro
    (Wiley, 2018) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Bengu, A. Sukru; Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Ekin, Suat; Ciftci, Mehmet
    In this study, the effects of astaxanthin (AST) that belongs to carotenoid family and cadmium (Cd), which is an important heavy metal, on rat erythrocyte G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and TrxR enzyme activities in vivo and on rat erythrocyte 6PGD enzyme activity in vitro were studied. In in vitro studies, 6PGD enzyme was purified from rat erythrocytes with 2',5'-ADP Sepharose4B affinity chromatography. Results showed inhibition of enzyme by Cd at IC50; 346.5 mu M value and increase of 6PGD enzyme activity by AST. In vivo studies showed an increase in G6PD, 6PGD. and GR enzyme activities (P > 0.05) and no chance in TrxR enzyme activity by AST. Cd ion inhibited GbPD, 6PGD, and GR enzyme activities (P < 0.05) and also decreased TrxR enzyme activity (P > 0.05). AST + Cd group G6PD enzyme activity was statistically low compared with control group (P < 0.05). 6PGD and TrxR enzyme activities decreased without statistical significance (P > 0.05); however, GR enzyme activity increased statistically significantly (P < 0.05).
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    The Effect of Rosa Pisiformis (Christ) D.Sosn on Some Metabolic Enzyme Activities in STZ Applied Diabetic Rats
    (2021) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; Bengü, A. Şükrü; Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Ekin, Suat; Çiftci, Mehmet
    This study was aimed to study in vivo impacts of Rosa pisiformis (Christ) D.Sosn. (VANF F13827 END.) on some metabolic enzymes (G6PD, 6PGD, GR, TrxR and GST) in Streptozotocin (STZ) applied diabetic rats. 32 male Wistar albino rats divided four groups. Group I: Control, Group II:Streptozotocin, Group III: Rosa pisiformis and Group IV: Streptozotocin+Rosa pisiformis. Experimental study contunied for 30 days and enzyme activities were spectrophotometrically measured. R.p.fruit extract and STZ+R.p. fruit extract administrations increased Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity meaningfully compared to control (p?0.001). 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) enzyme activity reduced in diabetes group compared to control, whereas it increased in R.p. fruit extract and STZ+R.p. fruit administered groups. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity raised in R.p. fruit administered group compared to control group meaningfully (p?0.001). Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity decrease no statistical importance in diabetic rats compared control whereas this activity increased in Rosa pisiformis fruit extract group. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) enzyme activity reduction significantly in STZ group compared to control (p?0.05). As a result, It is thought that the fruits of Rosa pisiformis, which grows as an endemic species belonging to the Rosaceae family, may have a reducing or preventing effect on the 6PGD, TrxR and GST enzyme activities in rats by inhibiting caused by STZ.
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    The Effects of Sodium Tetraborate against Lead Toxicity in Rats: The Behavior of Some Metabolic Enzymes
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramog; Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Melek, Sule; Karagozoglu, Fatma; Bengu, A. Sukru; Gecmez, Kubra
    This study was planned to research the in vivo effects of lead (Pb) ions and sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7) on G6PD and 6PGD, which are some of the enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, which carries vital importance for metabolism, and GR and GST, which are glutathione metabolism enzymes, and the in vitro effects of the same agents on the 6PGD enzyme. According to the in vivo analysis results, in comparison to the control group, the rat liver G6PD (p < 0.05), and 6PGD (p < 0.01) enzyme activities in the Na2B4O7 group were significantly lower. In addition, GR and GST enzyme activities were insignificantly lower in the Na2B4O7 group compared to the control group (p > 0.05). The Pb group had lower G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activity levels and higher GR and GST enzyme activity levels compared to the control group, while these changes did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). In the in vitro analyses of the effects of Pb ions on the 6PGD enzyme that was purified out of rat liver with the 2 ',5 '-ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography method, it was determined that Pb ions (200-1200 mu M) increased the rat liver 6PGD enzyme activity levels by 33%. On the other hand Na2B4O7 was not significantly effective on 6PGD activity. These results will also contribute to future studies in understanding the physiopathology of the states triggered by Pb ions and sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7).