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    Evaluation of various biochemical parameters in the serum and tissues of lambs with white muscle disease
    (Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2021) Irak, Kivanç; Mert, Handan; Mert, Nihat; Ayşin, Nesrullah; Söğütlü, İnci Doğan; Comba, Arzu
    Background: In this study, the effects of White Muscle Disease (WMD) on certain blood parameters, MDA and GSH levels in liver and thyroid tissues and the thyroid hormones were investigated in sheep. Methods: Sixteen lambs (8 with WMD, 8 controls) of similar age, 3 to 50 days old, selected from the same region were used in the study. Blood samples were taken from all animals. One ml Vitamin E + Se were injected (I/M) to the lambs with WMD and blood and tissue samples were collected after the treatment as well. The serum Ca, P, T3, T4, albumin, globulin, total protein, glutathione (GSH) values were analyzed by an auto-analyzer. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and GSH amounts of the liver and thyroid tissues were also determined. Result: The low Ca ion amount in lambs with WMD was found to have increased after injections of vitamin E + Se. P levels followed the same pattern. Total protein, albumin and globulin levels increased after treatment. It was determined that there was a decrease in T3 levels and an increase in T4 levels in patient lamb sera. The levels of GSH in both the liver and thyroid tissues were found to have decreased and statistical significance (at what level) was only found for the liver GSH levels. MDA levels in the hepatic and thyroid tissues were found to have slightly increased in the WMD group. In conclusion, serum differences in Ca, P, albumin, globulin, total protein, T3, T4, GSH, GSH and MDA levels were statistically significant between the groups. © 2021 Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.
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    Grape seed extract effects on serum amylase levels and immunohistochemical alterations in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
    (C M B Assoc, 2018) Irak, Kivanc; Yildirim, Serkan; Mert, Handan; Mert, Nihat
    In this study, serum amylase activity and structural changes of the pancreatic tissue in rats under the effects of grape seed extract were investigated. Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. First one was the control group. The second group was the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) group (45 mg/kg), while the third group was the grape seed extract (GSE) group, where the GSE was administrated intragastrically for 20 days (at 0.6 ml/rat). Lastly, the fourth group was the diabetes mellitus+GSE (DM+GSE) group. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for amylase activity. Caspase 3 expressions were inspected with immunohistochemistry. Amylase levels in the diabetic group were found to be the lowest (794.00 +/- 44.85 U/L, p<0.001), while the GSE group had the highest value (1623.63 +/- 80.04 U/L, p<0.001) Number of apoptotic cells was increased in Langerhans islets of the diabetic group. In the control and GSE groups, the apoptotic cells were found to be almost entirely absent. Increased number of apoptotic cells was found in the DM group, while decreased number of apoptotic cells was found in the DM+GSE group. Furthermore, atrophy in Langerhans islets, hyperemia in capillary veins, hydropic degeneration and necrosis in islet cells were determined in the diabetic group. Only mild hydropic degeneration in islet cells of Langerhans was observed in the DM+GSE group. Histopathologically beneficial changes in the pancreases were detected when grape seed extract was given to diabetic rats. As a conclusion, GSE was determined to have positive effects on the function and structure of the pancreas, improving enzyme activities and the structure of the Langerhans islets.
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    Honamli Goats Breed in South of Turkey I- Serum Mineral Analysis
    (2020) Demir, Ayşe Özge; İrak, Kıvanç; Mert, Handan; Mert, Nihat; Ayşin, Nesrullah; Söğütlü, İnci
    The objectivity of this study was to investigate some blood minerals and parameters in Honamli goats reared under semi-intensive conditions. 90 goats (2-4 ages) in different three herds kept under similar manage mental conditions were chosen as research materials in Teke Border of Antalya Province. Serum Ca 6.786±0.206 mg/dL, P 4.094±0.173 mg/dL, Cl 111.105±0.582 mmol/L, K 4.519±0.066 mmol/L, Mg 2.161±0.05 mg/dL, Na 148.047±0.508 mmol/L, Fe 110.706±2.510 ?g/dL, UIBC 155.025±4.333 ?g/dL and Tp 7.055±0.120 g/dL were determined by Roche Diagnostics, Cobas 8000 modular analyser series, immunoassay. After then, total iron- binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin (Tf), transferrin saturation (TSAT) and Ca++ levels were calculated from each other using different biochemical formulas. Ratios between the some minerals were calculated and presented in the text. Also, very high significant differences (P<0.0001) were found between herds for P, Cl, TIBC and Tf. However, no significant differences were found for Ca, Na, TSAT, TP and Ca results. Coefficients of variation (CV) were within 2 % and 35 % for all outcome parameters. In Pearson correlation analysis, negative and different two significant values (P<0.01 and P<0.001) were calculated between Fe and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) for all analysed groups. Controversially, positive and very high significant correlations (P<0.0001) were detected between Cl and Na. The results obtained from this study could serve as reference values for Honamli goats breeding in Mediterranean Region of Turkey.
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    Investigation of the Protective Effect of Kefir against Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
    (Korean Soc Food Science Animal Resources, 2018) Mert, Handan; Yilmaz, Hikmet; Irak, Kivanc; Yildirim, Serkan; Mert, Nihat
    This study aims to investigate the protective effects of kefir against myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol (ISO). The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group consisting of 8 rats. The control group, the kefir group (5 mL/kg/d kefir administered to rats as intra-gastric gavage for 60 d), the ISO group (100 mg/kg ISO was administered to rats, s.c. on 61. and 62. d), and kefir+ISO group (5 mL/kg/d kefir was administered to rats intra gastric gavage for 60 days prior to ISO, 100 mg/kg in two doses on day 61 and 62). 12 h after the last ISO dose, all rats were decapitated and their blood samples were collected. Cardiac tissue was reserved for histopathological examination. creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides, total cholesterol,very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and glucose were measured by autoanalyzer, whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels were measured spectrophotometrically. It was determined that in the group of kefir+ISO, the levels of AST (p<0.001), CK (p<0.001), LDH (p<0.001), MDA (p<0.001) and AOPP (p<0.001) were decreased, while the GSH (p<0.05) increased, compared to ISO group. There were no significant changes in lipid profile and glucose levels between these two groups. In conclusion, by examining cardiac enzymes and histopathological changes in cardiac tissue, it can be concluded that the administration of kefir in myocardial infarction induced by ISO can protect the heart with its antioxidant characteristic and minimize the toxic damage created by ISO.
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    Nephroprotective effect of ferulic acid on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in female rats
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Erseckin, Vasfiye; Mert, Handan; Irak, Kivanc; Yildirim, Serkan; Mert, Nihat
    Ferulic acid is a kind of phenolic compound that can be found in various fruits and vegetables. This study aims to investigate the effect of ferulic acid on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin (GM). In this study, rats were separated into 4 groups such that each containing 8 randomly selected rats: Control group, Ferulic Acid (FA) group, Gentamicin (GM) group and Gentamicin + Ferulic acid (GM + FA) group. Blood samples were collected after 24 hours following the 8-day trial period, and kidneys were taken out for histopathological evaluation. Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid and LDH analyses were performed in autoanalyzer while Malondialdehyde (MDA), Advanced Oxidized Protein Products (AOPP), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) analyses were performed in ELISA, and kidney tissues were also examined histopathologically. Urea (p < .001), creatinine (p < .001), MDA (p < .01), AOPP (p < .001), IL-6 (p < .01) and TNF-alpha (p < .001) levels were found to be statistically and significantly lowered in GM + FA group when compared to GM group. As a result, ferulic acid has reduced the inflammation in nephrotoxicity induced by GM, causing decreased oxidative stress. In this study, anti-inflammatory features of ferulic acid have come to the forefront rather than the antioxidant features. It can be said that ferulic acid reduces nephrotoxic damage and has protective properties for kidneys.
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    Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses
    (2018) Aslan, Leyla Mis; Mert, Handan; Söğütlü, İnci Doğan; Pala, Nihat Mert; İrak, Kıvanç
    Nowadays, the fertility of the growing horses is of great importance. The aim of our study is to determine and compare the level of nitric oxide oxidation products of these animals in serum and seminal plasma. Seven healthy British horses were used in the study. Blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis. The sera were removed by centrifugation. Seminal plasmas of ejaculates taken with artificial vagina were separated. Seminal plasma and serum were obtained and nitrate nitrite values were determined. Nitrate and nitrite levels of samples were measured by coupling reagent method. Nitrate levels in both semis and seminal plasma were 6.34 ± 2.7 and 4.95 ± 1.4, respectively. Nitrite levels were higher than seminal plasma in seminal plasma (p? 0.05), while nitrite levels in seminal plasma were higher than serum (p? 0.05). As a result, seminal plasma and serum nitrate-nitrite values in British stallions were used. Presented to the knowledge of clinical veterinary medicine.
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    Oxidant/Antioxidant Status, PON1 and ARES Activities, Trace Element Levels, and Histological Alterations in Sheep with Cystic Echinococcosis
    (Iranian Scientific Society Medical Entomology, 2018) Irak, Kivanc; Celik, Burcak Aslan; Karakoc, Zelal; Celik, Ozgur Yasar; Mert, Handan; Mert, Nihat; Kaya, Mustafa Oguzhan
    Background: Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), nitric oxide (NO), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) levels, paraoxonase (PON1), arylesterase (ARES) activities, and biochemical changes were studied on sheep with cystic echinococcosis. Methods: The materials were taken from 2-3 yr old sheep slaughtered in Van Province, Turkey in 2017. Before the slaughter, blood samples were collected from the healthy sheep, while various organs of animals were examined for hydatid cysts after the slaughter. Thirty sheep were protoscolex positive, hydatic group, while 30 sheep that did not have any pathological lesions in organ examinations were accepted as the control group. TOS levels, PON1 and ARES activities, and Zn levels were determined by commercial kits, while Cu levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The collected data were then statistically analyzed. Results: Serum TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in sheep with cystic echinococcosis compared to the control group (P<0.001). TAS levels (P<0.01), PON1 and ARES activities, on the other hand, were significantly higher in control group compared to the cystic echinococcosis group (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in Zn, NO and Cu levels between the groups. Conclusion: PON1 and ARES activities increased in sheep infected with cyst hydatid. The decline of antioxidant reserves in the metabolism results in excessive amounts of free radicals, along with alterations of the normal histological structure of the cystic organ and changes in trace element metabolism.
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    RENAL PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2022) Sogutlu, Inci; Irak, Kivanc; Mert, Handan; Yildirim, Serkan; Mert, Nihat
    It was aimed to investigate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on structural changes that occur in renal tissues of rats with streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (Control, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), GSE, Diabetes Mellitus+ GSE (DM + GSE) groups) each containing 8 rats. When GSE was given, the values of serum creatinine, BUN and uric acid in diabetics were decreased. Kidneys of diabetic group were found to have mild interstitial nephritis, tubular dilatation, hydropic degeneration, clotting necrosis in the tubular epithelium, dilatation in glomerulus and Bowman capsule, and hyperemia in glomerular capillaries. In the DM + GSE group, the glomeruli were normal, but hydropic degeneration was observed in some of the tubule epithelium. Only a few 8-OhDG positive cells were detected in tubule epithelium in the diabetes + grape seed group. The administration of GSE to diabetic patients helped to heal the deteriorated of kidney condition and DNA damage.
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    Retinol, ?-tocopherol and vitamin D3 in White Muscle Disease
    (Polish Soc Veterinary Sciences Editorial Office, 2018) Mert, Handan; Yildirim, Serkan; Yoruk, Ibrahim Hakki; Irak, Kivanc; Comba, Bahat; Mert, Nihat; Aysin, Nesrullah
    Vitamins are essential for the health of all living organisms. Vitamins E, A, D and K are known as fatsoluble vitamins, and deprivation of vitamin E causes various disorders, especially in the reproduction and cardiovascular systems and in muscle functions. Vitamin A, on the other hand, has roles in various biological functions - like eyesight - and the growth, reproduction and differentiation of epithelial cells. Vitamin A deficiency leads to the keratinization of the epithelium, and disorders related to the metaplasies of the genital and genitourinary systems. Conversely, vitamin D is defined as a pro-hormone and is responsible for Cahomeostasis, and thus indirectly affects the bone metabolism, bone structure, and cellular and neural functions of Ca. White Muscle Disease (WMD) can occur in newborn lambs, but is more commonly seen in lambs of up to 3 months of age. In this study, 30 lambs of 3 to 50-days-old from different flocks diagnosed with White Muscle Disease (WMD) were selected as research material, while the control group consisted of 8 healthy lambs. With the aim of clarifying the cause of WMD, serum fat-soluble vitamins, retinol, alpha-tocopherol and vitamin D3 levels were determined in 16 lambs. Gluteal and heart musclet issue samples also were taken from 30 lambs with WMD. The vitamin levels of the samples were analysed by HPLC. The levels of serum alpha-tocopherol, retinols, and vitamin D3 were foundto be low in the diseased animals, but only retinol (p < 0.001) and alpha-tocopherol (p < 0.001) level differences were statistically relevant. Macroscopically, Zenker's necrosis was determined in the heart muscles of 17 lambs, and in the gluteal and chest muscles of 6 lambs. 7 lambs displayed necrosis in both their heart and in gluteal muscles. The samples were analyzed microscopically to reach similar findings: swollen homogeneous pink muscles, pycnotic nuclei, and hyperaemic and haemorrhagic blood vessels in gluteal, chest and heart muscles. Hyaline degeneration and Zenker's necrosis, dystrophic regions in necrotic areas, cc was detected as a severe disease in lambs at an early stage of life with advanced degeneration in different muscle tissues. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins was also detected in the sick animals. Control group lambs had higher levels of alpha-tocopherol and retinol (p < 0.001) compared to the sick lambs.
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    Some Mineral Substance, Oxidative Stress and Total Antioxidant Levels in Norduz and Morkaraman Sheep
    (2018) Aslan, Leyla Mis; Mert, Handan; Comba, Bahat; Söğütlü, İnci Doğan; Irak, Kıvanç; Mert, Nihat
    The aim of the study was to compare some mineral substances and total antioxidant and totaloxidan levels of healthy Morkaraman and Norduz sheep breeds in the same age and care conditions. A total of 20 animals, 10 from each sheep breed, were included in the study. Serum total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined by a colorimetric method. OSI value was determined by calculating the TAS-TOS ratio. When the two sheep were compared, there was a difference between TAS, Mg, P levels. Antioxidant levels of Norduz sheep were higher than morkaraman sheep. The given data may be the reference value for studies of these sheep breeds.
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    The Effect of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) on the Some Biochemical Parameters in Rats with Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity
    (2021) Medineli, Murat; Mert, Handan; İrak, Kıvanç; Mert, Nihat
    In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on somebiochemical parameters on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin (GM) in rats. The rats used in thestudy were randomly divided into 4 groups each consisting of 8 rats. The control group, EPO group,GM group and GM+ EPO group. The blood samples were taken 24 hours after the 8-day trial andkidneys were removed and saved for histopathological and PGE2 analysis. The serum creatinine,BUN, calcitriol, Ca, Na, Cl, K and P analyzes were performed via autoanalyser. PGE2 analysis wasperformed in kidney tissue via ELISA. Histopathological examination of the kidney tissues wasperformed. The levels of creatinine, BUN and Cl were significantly decreased and PGE2 and Caincreased in GM + EPO compared to GM group. The changes in the biochemical parametersexamined and the histopathological findings obtained, it can be said that the EPO weakens thenephrotoxic damage caused by GM and has the protective effects on the kidney.
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    The effect of evening primrose oil (Oenothera biennis) on the level of adiponectin and some biochemical parameters in rats with fructose induced metabolic syndrome
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Mert, Handan; Irak, Kivanc; Cibuk, Salih; Yildirim, Serkan; Mert, Nihat
    The effect of evening primrose oil on adiponectin level and some biochemical parameters in model of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome were investigated. The rats were divided into 4 groups: control, evening primrose oil, fructose, fructose + evening primrose oil. Body weight, daily feed and water consumptions and systolic blood pressures of animals were measured. At the end of trial, blood samples were taken, livers were excised and histopathological examination was performed. Glucose, uric acid, triglyceride, T.cholesterol, LDL, HDL, VLDL, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, adiponectin, insulin, IL-6, TNF-alpha, TAC, and TOS levels were analysed. Some analysed parameters and systolic blood pressure of fructose + evening primrose oil group decreased significantly compared to fructose group and adiponectin, TAC, and HDL levels were significantly increased. As conclusion, evening primrose oil can be considered as antioxidant agent by reducing oxidative stress, increasing adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivity, anti-inflammatory properties, exhibiting anti-atherogenic effect by regulating dyslipidemia and systolic blood pressure.
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    The effect of fucoidan on the changes of some biochemical parameters and protein electrophoresis in hepatotoxicity induced by carbontetrachloride in rats
    (Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2018) Aysin, Nesrullah; Mert, Handan; Mert, Nihat; Irak, Kivanc
    Fucoidan is a sulfate polysaccharide extracted from brown algae. Fucoidan has various pharmacological properties, such as anti-tumor, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-fibrogenic activity and anti-complementary activities Objective: This study was aimed to explore the effect of fucoidan on biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, GGT, total protein, albumin, globulin) and protein fractions in hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats used in the study were randomly divided into four groups of 8 rats each: Control group, fucoidan group, fucoidan+CCl4 group and CCl4 group. After 24 hours from the process of an eight-day experiment, blood samples were taken. The analysis of ALT, AST, GGT activities and total protein, albumin, globulin levels were done by an autoanalyser and serum protein fractions (albumin, alpha 1- globulin, alpha 2-globulin beta- globulin, gamma- globulin and A/G ratio) were electrophoretically determined. Results: In the group of fucoidan+CCl4, it was determined that the levels of AST (p<0.001), GGT (p<0.001), total protein (p<0.01), globulin (p<0.01), beta-globulin % (p<0.01), gamma-globulin % (p<0.001) statistically decreased compared to CCl4 group. Conclusion: It can be said that fucoidan has the property of hepatoprotectant by looking to some biochemical parameters and changes in protein fractions that examined in hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4.
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    THE EFFECT OF FUCOIDAN ON THE GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Yilmaz, Mesut; Mert, Handan; Irak, Kivanc; Erten, Remzi; Mert, Nihat
    Possible preventive or therapuetic effects of fuciodan, which has antioxidant properties and was administered together with gentamicin (GM) made up nephrotoxicity through giving GM to the rats, have been searched. The rats used in this study were randomly grouped in three: control, GM (80 mg/kg/day/i.p GM was administered for 8 days), GM+fucoidan (80 mg/kg/day/i.p GM for 8 days + fucoidan 100 mg/kg/day/ for 8 days were administered with intra-gastric gavage) groups. Blood and tissue samples were taken 24 hours after the 8 days trial period. Besides determining plasma creatinine, BUN, sodium, potassium, chloride levels in auto-analyser, whole blood glutathione, plasma MDA and AOPP levels were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The highest plasma creatinine, BUN, potassium, AOPP and MDA levels were found in the GM group. It was determined that while the levels of creatinin (p<0.01), BUN (p<0.05), potassium (p<0.05), AOPP (p<0.01), MDA (p<0.01) in GM+fucoidan group were decreasing with regard to those in GM group, chloride levels were rising (p<0.05). The study revealed the nephroprotective effect of fucoidan. These findings suggest that fucoidan administration together with GM may attenuate renal dysfunction and structural damage through the reduction of oxidative stress in the kidney.
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    The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on Insulin, Adiponectin and Resistin Levels in Diabetic Rats
    (2021) Söğütlü, İnci; Mert, Nihat; Mert, Handan; Mis, Leyla; Yılmaz, Halil Cumhur; İrak, Kıvanç
    In this study, the effects of grape seed extract on insulin, adiponectin and resistin levels in diabetic rats were aimed to investigate. Weight of about 300-350g 7-8 weeks 32 female Wistar Albino rats were used. Weight of about 300-350g 7-8 weeks 32 female Wistar Albino rats randomly divided into four groups of eight each: control group (C), group with diabetes (DM), grape seed extract group (GSE), diabetes mellitus and grape seed extract group (DM+GSE). The diabetic group 45 mg/kg single dose of streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally, and the grape seed extract groups (DM+GSE and GSE) grape seed extract was given orally every day with an intragastric tube for 20 days (0.6 ml/rat). Blood samples were taken from the hearts of rat’s end of the experiment. The sera obtained were used for insulin, adiponectin and resistin analysis measured via ELISA with commercial kits. The insulin and adiponectin levels of the rats in the diabetes + grape seed extract group were found to be higher than those in the diabetes group. There was no significant change in the resistin level differences between the groups. As a result; It is possible to say that grape seed extract has an increasing effect on insulin level and adiponectin levels of diabetic rats are decreased due to diabetes and it has no significant effect on resistin levels. Detected by the positive effects of grape seed extracts, it may be useful to use for the regulating of the diabetes in human.
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    The Effects of Grape Seed Extract on The Some Enzymes and Metabolites in Diabetic Rats
    (2018) İrak, Kıvanç; Pala, Nihat Mert; Mert, Handan; Ayşin, Nesrullah
    In this study, the effects of Grape Seed Extract (GSE) on glucose, enzymatic activities of elastase and collagenase, and certain biochemical parameters, were investigated. 32 female Wistar albino rats were used in the process. The subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups (control, diabetic (DM), GSE, DM+GSE). A single dose of saline was injected intraperitoneally to the rats in the control group and a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to the rats in the diabetic group. In the GSE group, GSE (0.6 ml/rat) was administered daily via intragastric tube for 20 days, and DM+GSE group received a single dose of STZ intraperitoneally along with 0.6 ml GSE/rat. After 72 hours, blood samples were taken from all the rats. Rats with a fasting blood glucose level of 250 mg/dL and more were considered to be diabetic. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken again and were sent for elastase, collagenase, glucose, urea, total protein, cholesterol, and AOPP analysis. Glucose levels in diabetic rats were 671 mg/dL, compared to the glucose level of 335 mg/dL in the DM+GSE group. Total protein levels decreased in the DM+GSE group; the levels of glucose, urea, cholesterol and ascorbic acid also demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.001). No significant change was detected in the AOPP levels. The activities of collagenase (p<0.01) and elastase (p<0.05) in the DM group had moderate increases with respect to the control. It can, therefore, be surmised that the GSE reduces glucose levels, inhibits production of urea, regulates renal function, prevents possible nephropathy, overcomes albuminuria and alleviates protein loss, increases vitamin C levels and minimally affects collagenase and elastase activities.