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    Ameliorative effects of astaxanthin against copper(II) ion-induced alteration of pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system enzymes in rats
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Temel, Yusuf; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Akkoyun, Hurrem Turan
    Copper (Cu) is one of the toxic elements that cause environmental pollution. As a result of excessive accumulation of copper in the organism, it causes damage in various organs and tissues and hemolysis in erythrocytes. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a pigment belonging to the xanthophyll family, which is an oxygenated derivative of carotenoids. Thanks to its powerful antioxidant properties, ATX has an extraordinary potential to protect the organism against various diseases, especially cancer. The main objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of copper ions on the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzymes and the role of astaxanthin in reducing this effect. In in vivo study, Wistar Albino male rats (n=28) were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group, copper (Cu2+) group, astaxanthin (ATX) group, and copper + astaxanthin (Cu2++ATX) group. The results show that G6PD enzyme activity in Cu2+ group was strongly inhibited (p < 0.05), while in other groups, there were no significant effects compared to the control group (p > 0.05). 6PGD enzyme activity was significantly reduced in Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05), and GR enzyme activity was lower in Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). Similarly, when GST enzyme activity was evaluated, a strong decrease was observed in the Cu2+ group compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05), while the enzyme activity in the Cu2++ATX group approached the control group (p > 0.05). When TrxR enzyme activity level was examined, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the Cu2+ and Cu2++ATX groups (p < 0.05), and the enzyme activity in the ATX group was found to be close to that in the control group. When in vitro results were evaluated, it was observed that copper ions inhibited G6PD enzyme purified from rat erythrocyte tissues with IC50=1.90 mu M value and Ki = 0.97 mu M +/- 0.082 value and the inhibition was non-competitive. From the results, it can be concluded that Cu2+ ions have an inhibitory effect on rat erythrocyte pentose phosphate pathway and antioxidant system enzymes both in vivo and in vitro, and astaxanthin reduces this effect.
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    Assessment of the effect of sodium tetraborate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in lead-induced nephrotoxicity
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Yaman, Turan; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Karagozoglu, Fatma; Melek, Sule; Keles, Omer Faruk; Bengu, Aydin Sukru
    Exposure to Pb, a toxic heavy metal, is a risk factor for renal damage. Borax, an essential trace element in cellular metabolism, is a naturally occurring compound found in many foods. This study investigated the effects of sodium tetraborate (ST), a source of borax, on renal oxidative stress and inflammation in rats exposed to Pb. Wistar Albino rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups: Control (0.5 mL, i.p. isotonic), Pb (50 mg/kg/day/i.p.), ST (4.0 mg/kg/day/oral), and Pb + ST groups. At the end of the five-day experimental period, kidney tissue samples were obtained and analyzed. Histopathologically, the Pb-induced damage observed in the Pb group improved in the Pb + ST group. Immunohistochemically, Pb administration increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and caspase-3. When evaluated biochemically, Pb application inhibited catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities and activated superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. An increase in malondialdehyde levels was considered an indicator of damage. ST application increases glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels. These results indicate that ST might play a protective role against Pb-induced renal damage via the upregulation of renal tissue antioxidants and cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and caspase-3 immunoexpression.
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    Effect of astaxanthin and aluminum chloride on erythrocyte G6PD and 6PGD enzyme activities in vivo and on erythrocyte G6PD in vitro in rats
    (Wiley, 2017) Temel, Yusuf; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Akkoyun, Hurrem Turan; Akkoyun, Mahire; Ciftci, Mehmet
    In this study, we investigated the effect of astaxanthin (Ast) and aluminum (Al) on the erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) enzymes activities in vivo and on G6PD enzyme in vitro in rats. For in vitro studies, G6PD enzyme was purified from rat erythrocyte by using 2,5-ADP-Sepharose 4B affinity gel. The effects of Ast and Al3+ ion were investigated on the purified enzyme. It was determined that Ast increased the enzyme activity, whereas Al3+ inhibited the enzyme activity noncompetitively (IC50 values; 0.679mM, K-i values 1.32mM). For in vivo studies, the rats were divided into the groups: control (Cont.), Al, Ast, and Al+Ast. The last three groups were compared with the control group. In Al group, a significant degree of inhibition was observed in the activity of G6PD and 6PGD enzymes when compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas there was an increase in the activities of G6PD and 6PGD enzymes in Ast and Al+Ast groups (P<0.05).
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    Effects of Arbutin on Fatty Acid Levels of Erythrocyte and Serum in Wistar Albino Rats Treated with Potassium Bromate
    (Assoc Pharmaceutical Teachers India, 2022) Akkoyun, H. Turan; Aydin, Sevinc; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Ekin, Suat; Erdem, Sinem Aslan
    Background: In the presented study; the Effects of Arbutin (ARB) on the Rat Erythrocyte and serum fatty acid profile which is exposed to potassium bromate (KBrO3) were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were used divided into 4 groups. Groups 1: control, group 2: KBrO3 (single dose 100 mg / kg gavage), group 3: ARB (50 mg / kg / day (ip) for 5 days), group 4: KBrO3 + ARB. At the end of the 5(th) day, alteration of fatty acid profile in erythrocyte and serum of rats in all groups was examined. Results: Rat serum essential fatty acid; palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), erythrocyte major fatty acids; palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), and lignoceric acid (C24:0). In addition, in our studied serum and erythrocytes; Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) varied between 8.91 +/- 0.53- 11.71 +/- 2.55 and 33.71 +/- 2.12- 37.11 +/- 2.12, respectively. It was determined that total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) varied between 5.90 +/- 1.29- 9.96 +/- 1.18 and 14.72 +/- 3.66- 22.13 +/- 4.82, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, alterations in fatty acid contents were observed, and results suggesting that arbutine affects the enzymes involved in Fatty acid metabolism and has an effect on fatty acid amounts.
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    PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ASTAXANTHIN AGAINST ALUMINUM INDUCED LIVER OXIDATIVE DAMAGE
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2017) Akkoyun, H. Turan; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Ulucan, Aykut; Arihan, Okan
    In this study, protective effect of a potent antioxidant astaxanthine on preventing rat liver damage due to Al exposure was evaluated. In experimental design, 20 Wistar-albino rats were divided into four groups as Control, Aluminum (20 mg/kg/day i.p), Al + Astaxanthine (5 mg/kg/day AST orally, Al 20 mg/kg/day i.p) and AST (5 mg/kg/day). Study was conducted for 14 days. GSH was found significantly low in Al group compared to control and significantly high in AST and AST + Al administered groups compared to Al group(p<0.01). When MDA levels were investigated, an increase in Al administered group compared to control (p<0.01) and a decrease in Al + AST group compared to Al administered group (p<0.001) was found. In CAT enzyme activity level, a significant decrease in Al, AST and Al + AST administered groups compared to control (p<0.001), an increase in AST, Al + AST groups compared to Al administered group (p<0.001) and also an increase in CAT enzyme activity level in AST+Al administered group compared to AST group (p<0.001) was determined. Due to alterations in MDA and GSH levels and CAT enzyme activity in rat liver tissue as well as positive effects of AST in liver tissue histopathological assessments, it was concluded that AST has a protective role against such toxic molecules.
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    PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ELLAGIC ACID AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCl4) - INDUCED OXIDATIVE BRAIN INJURY IN RATS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Akkoyun, H. Turan; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Ulucan, Aykut; Bayramoglu-Akkoyun, Mahire; Arihan, Okan
    In this study, it was aimed to investigate protective effects of Ellagic acid in rats which have brain damage formed with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). 28 male Wistar albino rats were separated into 4 groups as Control, CCl4., Ellagic acid and CCl4+ Ellagic acid. From the brain tissue homogenate malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthation peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) levels were measured and routine histopathological investigation was performed. An increase in MDA level (p<0.01) whereas a decrease in CAT, GSH-Px, SOD (p<0.01) and GSH (p<0.05) levels in CCl4 administered group compared to control was observed. In our study, in the control and Ellagic acid administered groups, no microscopic findings were observed in the brain, while severe lesions were seen in the CCl4 administered group and only mild congestion lesions were seen in the CCl4 + Ellagic acid group. Results of this study suggest a protection by ellagic acid against CCl4 induced brain damage. This protection is possibly via induction of antioxidant protective mechanism which is shown both by biochemical and histopathological methods.
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    The protective effect of arbutin against potassium bromate-induced oxidative damage in the rat brain
    (Wiley, 2023) Akkoyun, H. Turan; Uyar, Ahmet; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Melek, Sule; Karagozoglu, Fatma; Aydin, Sevinc
    This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of arbutin (ARB) against brain injury induced in rats with potassium bromate (KBrO3). The rats were divided into four groups as Group 1: Control (0.9% NaCl ml/kg/day p.), Group 2: KBrO3 (100 mg/kg (gavage), Group 3: ARB (50 mg/kg/day p.), and Group 4: KBrO3 + ARB (100 mg/kg (gavage) + 50 mg/kg/day p.). At the end of the fifth day of the study, the rats in all groups were killed, and their brain tissues were collected. In the collected brain tissues, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were measured, and routine histopathological examinations were made. The MDA levels in the group that was exposed to KBrO3 were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.001). In comparison to the KBrO3 group, the MDA levels in the KBrO3 + ARB group were significantly lower (p < 0.001). It was observed that SOD and CAT enzyme activity levels were significantly lower in the KBrO3 group compared to the control group (p < 0.001), while these levels were significantly higher in the KBrO3 + ARB group than in the KBrO3 group (p < 0.001). Additionally, the group that was subjected to KBrO3 toxicity, as well as ARB administration, had much lower levels of histopathologic signs than the group that was subjected to KBrO3 toxicity only. Consequently, it was found that KBrO3 exposure led to injury in the brain tissues of the rats, and using ARB was effective in preventing this injury.