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Öğe Purification of glutathione S-transferase enzyme from liver tissue of shabout (Barbus grypus Heckel) and investigation of the inhibition effect of some metal ions under in vitro conditions(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-12-16) Bekir Çiftçi; Arzu Koçak Mutlu; Ebru AkkemikShabout is a fish with high nutritional value and economic potential. This fish is exposed to environmental factors due to the metal toxicity in its habitat and, consequently, its diet. The main purpose of this study was to determine how the detoxification mechanism of shabout is affected by examining the interaction of glutathione s-transferase enzyme with heavy metals. In our study, elemental analysis was first performed with the ICP-OES on water samples taken from three different points to detect metal toxicity in the habitat of the shabout. Then, the GST enzyme from the liver tissue of the shabout was purified for the first time by our team using the glutathione agarose affinity chromatography techniqueÖğe The Synthetic Elicitor DPMP (2,4-dichloro-6-{(E)-[(3-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol) Triggers Strong Immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana and Tomato(SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 2016) BEKTAS, YASEMİN; RODRIGUEZ-SALUS, MELINDA; SCHROEDER, MERCEDES; GOMEZ, ADELINE; KALOSHIAN, ISGOUHI; EULGEM, THOMASSynthetic elicitors are drug-like compounds that are structurally distinct from natural defense elicitors. They can protect plants from diseases by activating host immune responses and can serve as tools for the dissection of the plant immune system as well as leads for the development of environmentally-safe pesticide alternatives. By high-throughput screening, we previously identified 114 synthetic elicitors that activate expression of the pathogen-responsive CaBP22-333Öğe The Synthetic Elicitor 2-(5-Bromo-2-Hydroxy-Phenyl)- Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Links Plant Immunity to Hormesis(PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2016) RODRIGUEZ-SALUS, MELINDA; BEKTAS, YASEMİN; SCHROEDER, MERCEDES; KNOTH, COLLEEN; VU, TRANG; ROBERTS, PHILIP; KALOSHIAN, ISGOUHI; EULGEM, THOMASSynthetic elicitors are drug-like compounds that induce plant immune responses but are structurally distinct from natural defense elicitors. Using high-throughput screening, we previously identified 114 synthetic elicitors that activate the expression of a pathogen-responsive reporter gene in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we report on the characterization of one of these compounds, 2-(5-bromo-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (BHTC). BHTC induces disease resistance of plants against bacterial, oomycete, and fungal pathogens and has a unique mode of action and structure. Surprisingly, we found that low doses of BHTC enhanced root growth in Arabidopsis, while high doses of this compound inhibited root growth, besides inducing defense. These effects are reminiscent of the hormetic response, which is characterized by low-dose stimulatory effects of a wide range of agents that are toxic or inhibitory at higher doses. Like its effects on defense, BHTC-induced hormesis in Arabidopsis roots is partially dependent on the WRKY70 transcription factor. Interestingly, BHTC-induced root hormesis is also affected in the auxin-response mutants axr1-3 and slr-1. By messenger RNA sequencing, we uncovered a dramatic difference between transcriptional profiles triggered by low and high doses of BHTC. Only high levels of BHTC induce typical defenserelated transcriptional changes. Instead, low BHTC levels trigger a coordinated intercompartmental transcriptional response manifested in the suppression of photosynthesis- and respiration-related genes in the nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria as well as the induction of development-related nuclear genes. Taken together, our functional characterization of BHTC links defense regulation to hormesis and provides a hypothetical transcriptional scenario for the induction of hormetic root growth.Öğe Synthetic plant defense elicitors(FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE, 2015) BEKTAS, YASEMİN; EULGEM, THOMASo defend themselves against invading pathogens plants utilize a complex regulatorynetwork that coordinates extensive transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming. Althoughmany of the key players of this immunity-associated network are known, the detailsof its topology and dynamics are still poorly understood. As an alternative to forwardand reverse genetic studies, chemical genetics-related approaches based on bioactivesmall molecules have gained substantial popularity in the analysis of biological pathwaysand networks. Use of such molecular probes can allow researchers to access biologicalspace that was previously inaccessible to genetic analyses due to gene redundancy orlethality of mutations. Synthetic elicitors are small drug-like molecules that induce plantdefense responses, but are distinct from known natural elicitors of plant immunity. Whilethe discovery of some synthetic elicitors had already been reported in the 1970s,recent breakthroughs in combinatorial chemical synthesis now allow for inexpensivehigh-throughput screens for bioactive plant defense-inducing compounds. Along withpowerful reverse genetics tools and resources available for model plants and crop systems,comprehensive collections of new synthetic elicitors will likely allow plant scientists tostudy the intricacies of plant defense signaling pathways and networks in an unparalleledfashion. As synthetic elicitors can protect crops from diseases, without the need to bedirectly toxic for pathogenic organisms, they may also serve as promising alternatives toconventional biocidal pesticides, which often are harmful for the environment, farmers andconsumers. Here we are discussing various types of synthetic elicitors that have been usedfor studies on the plant immune system, their modes-of-action as well as their applicationin crop protection.Öğe Root and shoot traits in parental, early and late generation Green Revolution wheats (Triticum spp.) under glasshouse conditions(GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION, 2017) BEKTAS, HARUN; WAINES, J. GILESIntroduction of stem-dwarfing genes had a major impact on wheat breeding and production. It is estimated that 70–90% of modern wheats carry one or more such genes. These genes were the cornerstone of the Green Revolution. They solved the lodging problem by reducing stem height, thus allowing a marked increase in mineral fertilizer use. These genes also changed biomass allocation and allowed more carbon assimilates to be stored as grain. With heavy fertilization and irrigation, plants had little use for an extensive and expensive root system for uptake of water and nutrients. However, with climate change and limited water and nutrient sources, there is a need to remodel crops with novel genetic variation available in landraces and old varieties. In this study, we evaluated nine accessions of wheat representing gene pools of parental, early-tall and late-semi-dwarf Green Revolution wheats for root and shoot biomass and grain yield under well-watered conditions in a glasshouse. Significant genotypic variation was found for total root biomass and root distribution in the soil profile as well as for plant height and days to anthesis. Modern wheats have reduced root-system size relative to their predecessors. This may be the effect of the dwarfing genes or an indirect effect of negative selection pressure, but the wheatÖğe Root and shoot traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces and cultivars(EUPHYTICA, 2016) BEKTAS, HARUN; HOHN, CHRISTOPHER E.; WAINES, J. GILESIn order to break the current grain yield barriers, breeders require genetic variation. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses may lead to better plant survival and improved grain yield. Exploring landraces may expand the genetic diversity of modern wheats. Five Turkish bread wheat landraces and 14 modern durum and bread wheat cultivars were evaluated for root and shoot biomass as well as grain yield for 2 years in three experiments. Root and shoot traits were measured in plants grown in 1 and 1.5 m PVC tubes in a glasshouse. Significant genotypic differences were found within and between landraces and modern wheats. Shoot biomass, total root biomass, shallow root weight, deep root weight, number of tillers per plant, and plant height were significantly greater in landraces compared to modern wheats. Correlation coefficients were positive between root biomass and shoot biomass (0.78), and number of fertile tillers (0.76). Plant height, shallow and deep root weights, as well as the total root biomass were positively correlated. Semi-dwarf and mid-height cultivars had greater grain yield than tall lines: winter wheats had greater harvest index, whereas intermediate (facultative) wheats had greater shallow root weights and total root biomass. Results highlight the mode of adaptation in landraces to water stress and suggest that landraces may be a valuable resource in breeding for altered root architecture.Öğe Erratum to: QTLs for root traits at mid-tillering and for root and shoot traits at maturity in a RIL population of spring bread wheat grown under well-watered conditions(Euphytica, 2016) EHDAIE, BAHMAN; MOHAMMADI, SEYED ABOLGHASEM; NOURAEİN, M.; BEKTAS, HARUN; WAINES, J. GILESRoot system traits have positive effects on wheat grain yield, particularly in drought environments. Root traits are difficult to manipulate using conventional selection procedures. Marker-assistedselection (MAS) could be helpful for the improvement of root morphological traits. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 168 lines derived from the cross Iran #49 9 Yecora Rojo was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for root traits at midtillering stage for one season and for root and shoot traits at plant maturity for two seasons using two different subsets. The RILs were grown in sand-tube experiments in a glasshouse under well-watered conditions. Longest root (LR), total root length longer 30 cm (TRL30), shallow root weight (roots between 0 and 30 cm, SRW), deep root weight (roots bellow 30 cm, DRW), total root biomass (RBio), ratio of root to shoot (RTS) and to plant (RTP) biomass were measured at mid-tillering. At maturity, number of days to booting (DTB), to heading (DTH), to anthesis (DTA), and to maturity (DTM), plant height (PH), flag leaf area (FLA), number of tillers (NTP) and spikes (NSP) per plant, number of grains (NGP), grain weight (GW), grain yield (GY) per plant, LR, SRW, DRW, RBio, PBio, and RTP were measured. At mid-tillering, a total of 18 putative QTLs were detected with individual QTL accounted for between 6.5 and 26.5 % of the variation in the traits. The QTLs were distributed on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2D, 4B, 6B, 7A, and 7D. A major and two minor QTLs were identified for LR, with the major QTL (qLR-2D) explaining 26.5 % of variation. Two QTLs were detected for DRW on chromosome 4B between markers Gwm6 and Sukkula.1220 that together explained 23.1 % of variation. One region between marker Wmc198 and Cfa2263 on chromosome 2A contained four QTLs affecting PH, SRW, RTS, and RTP. At maturity, 70 putative QTLs were detected across the two seasons with a single QTL accounted for between 7.7 and 40.6 % of variation in the traits. Three major colocalized QTLs for SRW, DRW, and RBio were identified on chromosome 2D between markers Wms515 andWms102 that accounted for 19.8, 20.5, and 22.4 %0f variation, respectively. Two major colocalized QTLs for SRW and RBio were detected on chromosome 3A that explained 17.8 and 13.4 % of variation, respectively. One major QTL for DRW was identified on chromosome 1B that accounted for 20.3 % of variation. Chromosome 2B harbored major QTLs for GY, NGS, and NGP. A major QTL cluster was detected on chromosome 2D and on chromosome 4A relating 11 and eight QTLs for phenological periods, root traits, RTS, and RTP, indicating pleiotropic effects on these traits. Of the four common root traits studied at mid-tillering and at maturity, only SRW had linked QTLs on chromosome 2A at both stages of plant growth, indicating selection for root traits at seedling stage alone may not be effective in changing root morphological characteristics at later stages of plant growth. It appeared that chromosome 2A, 2D, and 4B harbored genes regulating growth of root traits at early and later stages of plant growth. The molecular markers closely linked to QTLs for root and shoot traits may be used in wheat breeding program using MAS procedures.Öğe Transcriptome wide characterization of water deficit responsive grape mTERF transcription(2019-01-19) İnal, Behcet; İlhan, Emre; Büyük, İlker; Altıntas, Serdar…Öğe Genetic Diversity among Some Asparagus Species using rDNA ITS, cpDNA trnL Intron Sequence and Screening for Antioxidant Activity(2019-06-22) Altıntas, Serdar; Pakyürek, Mine; Şensoy, Suat; Erez, Emre; İnal, BehcetThree species of genus Asparagus native to Lake Van Basin of Turkey were analyzed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cpDNA trnL intron sequence. Furthermore, these species were screened for their antioxidant activity and total phenolic and ?avonoid contents. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS data revealed two clades: the frst clade consisted of Asparagus persicus and Asparagus offcinalis, and clade II consisted of Asparagus palaestinus. Similarly, phylogenetic analysis using trnL intron sequence revealed two clades. In term of total phenolic content and total ?avonoid content, the highest value were measured for acetone extract of Asparagus persicus sample No. 2 and Asparagus persicus sample No. 6, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity using FRAP assay was found for Asparagus persicus sample No. 3. We concluded that these species could be useful for increasing genetic diversity among cultivated species and for breeding.Öğe Genetic characterization and virulence of Fusarium spp. isolated from chickpea(Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2019-01-21) Aydin, Hadi; İnal, BehcetAbstract: Fusarium wilt causing yield losses in chickpea is one of the most important diseases, and occurs due to some fungi especially F. oxysporum and F. solani. Molecular studies are important in revealing the genetic characterization and virulence of the pathogen. In this study ten Fusarium genotypes isolated from chickpea plants showing symptoms of wilting were used. The ITS region was amplifed by using the thermal cycler and genetic similarities and di?erences among species were revealed by performing sequence analysis of ITS region. Samples except for two of Fusarium genotypes; N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N7, N9 and N10 genotypes showed a close relative to F. oxysporum. However, the N8 genotyped was found to be similar to F. solani, and interestingly the N6 genotype showed an equal relationship with F. solani and F. oxysporum so, it could not be fully identifed. According to the phylogenetic tree, F. oxysporum, N2, N4 and N10 were determined in a separate group and F. oxysporum N5, N7 and N9 formed separate another group which showed a close relationship to each other. The severity of disease caused by isolates on ILC-482 chickpea variety varied between 1.25 and 3.50. The close relationship was found between F. oxysporum, N2, N4, N5, N7, N9 and N10 isolates was confrmed the result of the pathogenicity test of same isolates. The results revealed that N7 isolate prevented the emergence of plants by causing disease on chickpea seeds and it also indicated the high virulence.Öğe Phenotyping and Genetic Analysis of Root and Shoot Traits of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Bread Wheat Under Well- Watered Conditions(Journal of Crop Improvement, 2014) EHDAIE, BAHMAN; MAHEEPALA, DINUSHA C.; BEKTAS, HARUN; WAINES, J. GILESPhenotyping root traits and understanding their inheritance are critical for crop improvement, as the root system plays an important role in crop performance under well-watered and drought conditions. A set of 118 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from the cross Iran #49 (a landrace) × Yecora Rojo (a standard variety) plus the two parents was used to phenotype root traits at mid-tillering stage and at physiological maturity in sand-tube experiments under well-watered conditions. Iran #49 and Yecora Rojo were different for grain yield per plant (20.4 vs.13.8), shallow-root weight per plant (5.3 vs. 1.3 g, roots developed between 0 and 30 cm), deep-root weight per plant (4.5 vs. 0.5 g, roots developed below 30 cm), and root biomass per plant (9.8 vs. 1.8 g). Although there were significant differences among the RILs for number of roots longer than 30 cm, total length of roots longer than 30 cm, longest root, shallow-root weight, deep-root weight, and root biomass, the estimate of narrow-sense heritability was relatively low for shallow-root weight (26%), deep- -root weight (14%), and root biomass (22%) at mid-tillering stage. At maturity, the estimate of heritability for these root traits was 81%, 79%, and 83%, respectively. Additive × additive epistasis was detected for deep-root weight at maturity. Genotypic differences in root traits among the RILs were highest at maturity. The root traits measured at mid-tillering and at maturity showed significant, but weak correlation coefficients ranging from 0.20 to 0.40. Grain yield per plant showed significant genotypic correlation with root traits at maturity. Harvest index showed strong negative correlation with root traits ranging from -0.69 to -0.78. Our studies indicated that the appropriate time for phenotyping root traits in wheat is at maturity.Öğe Effects of Polarity on Bulblet Regeneration on Stem Cuttings of Oriental Lilium Hybrid Cv. Casa Blanca(Journal of Applied Biological Sciences, 2016-12-20) MOHSEN, MIRZAPOUROriental Lilium Hybrid cv. Casa Blanca is an important cut flower and garden plant. The study compared effects of in vitro bulblet induction on different oriented horizontally and vertically cultured cv. Casa Blanca stem explants with and without immersing them in agar solidified MS medium containing different concentrations of BAP. The results signified that orientation and immersing of explants into culture medium had significant effects on regeneration. Horizontally placed explants were advantageous over vertically placed upside up or upside down explants in terms of number of regenerated bulblets and their diameter. Maximum number of 6.84 ± 0.23 bulblets per “horizontally surface cultured stem explants” was noted on MS medium containing 0.20 mg/l BAP. These bulblets induced maximum mean bulblet diameter of 0.67 ± 0.02 cm Mean number of bulblets per explant was positively affected on horizontally cultured immersed explants. Contrarily, this parameters was negatively affected on vertically immersed upside up immersed and non immersed explants. However, vertically cultured upside down explants showed extreme inhibition with induction of bulblet initials only. The bulblets diameter was increased by culturing them on MS medium containing 4% sucrose for 8 weeks. Followed by their rooting on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l IBA. They were acclimatized in greenhouse on peat moss prepared localy from leaves.Öğe Dokuda Su Eksikliğinin Neden Olduğu Stresin In Vitro Şartlar Altında Keten (Linum usitatissimum L.) Hipokotil Eksplantlarından Sürgün Rejenerasyonu Üzerine Etkisi(Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2012-05-15) MIRZAPOUR, Mohsen; Mustafa, YILDIZFlax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cv. 'Clarck' seeds, obtained from 'Northern Crop Science Laboratories', in North Dakota, USA were used in the study. Seeds were surface sterilized with 40% commercial bleach containing 5% NaOCl with continuous stirring for 12 min. and then were washed 3-4 times with sterile distilled water. Sterilized seeds were sown in Magenta vessels to germinate and cultured at 24? 1ºC with a 16-h light/8-h dark photo-period. Hypocotyl segments of 10-day-old sterile seedlings were excised 0.5 cm in length and then cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg l-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) ve 0.02 mg l-1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) after two different pretreatment applications. In the first treatment, 0.5 cm hypocotyl explants were directly transferred to regeneration medium while in the other treatment, before culturing, explants were kept in sterile cabin under air flow for 30 min. Four weeks after culture initiation, pretreatments were compared with respect to regeneration percentage, shoot number per explant, the highest shoot length per explant, total shoot number per petri dish, explant fresh and dry weights, explant water and dry matter contents. This study was conducted to determine the effect of air flow in sterile cabin on explants’ regeneration capacity. The highest results in our study were obtained from the treatment in which hypocotyl explants were direcly transferred to regeneration medium. On the other hand, keeping explants under air flow in sterile cabin decreased the regeneration capacity of explants by causing water deficiency in tissue. That is why, when working in sterile cabin, in order to protect the regeneration capacity, explants are to be isolated and placed on growth medium as quickly as possible by considering that air flow in the environment may have negative effect on tissue.Öğe Seksüel iki tiplilik (Dimorphism)(Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 2008-02-04) Sezer, Metin; Koçak, ArzuThere are some hypotheses to explain the cause and maintenance mechanisms of differences between the sexes with species. Among these mechanisms sexual selection, competition for food researches, female reproduction strategy and energy requirement for reproduction will be reviewed in the fi rst part of the study. Differences between the sexes provide a reproduction advantage to the individual. On the other hand, sexual dimorphism may cause some disadvantages directly to the ornamented individual or indirectly to its partner. The disadvantages of the sexual dimorphism will be discussed in the second part of the study. Types of the sexual dimorphism, which are ranging from size to behavior either common to most of the animal species or unique for some of the species, will be reviewed in the last part of the study.
