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Öğe A CHEAPLY NON-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUE TO ESTIMATE HONEY QUALITY: THERMAL IMAGING AND MACHINE LEARNING(2024) Kibar, MustafaThe aim of this study was to estimate honey quality based on proline and Brix content using a thermal imaging and machine learning algorithm. The proline, Brix and color properties of twenty honey samples were determined. Proline and Brix values were classified and estimated using the classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. The mean proline and Brix content in honey samples was 678.83±192.16 mg/kg and 83.2±0.79%, respectively. CART analysis revealed that high proline honey samples had L values above 48.143 and b* values below 35.416. In contrast, honey samples with low Brix values were characterized by L and a* values below 55.860 and 53.660, respectively, and were identified as freshly harvested. The CART algorithm classified the proline and Brix values with an accuracy of 95% and 100%, respectively (p< 0.001). As a result, whitish, bluish, blackish and greenish honeys are of higher quality due to high proline and low Brix content. However, to accurately assess honey quality based on its color traits, comprehensive studies with more honey samples and origin, are required.Öğe APPLICATION OF CONJOINT ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE CONSUMERS' RED MEAT PREFERENCES IN SIIRT PROVINCE(Univ Agricultural Sciences & Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2018) Kibar, Mustafa; Mikail, NazireThe aim of this paper is defining consumers' preferences for the red meat in Siirt Province. This paper illustrates the conjoint analysis application in determining consumers' preferences for the attributes of red meat according to the amount of consumption. Multiple regression analysis used for determination most valued attributes and their levels. A random sample of 160 red meat consumers was interviewed in Siirt Province. They were asked to provide demographic information and responses to several survey questions, as well as to participate in a conjoint analysis study. For the survey portion of the interview, respondents were asked to assess the importance of the following attributes: meat type, purchasing sources and price. As a result of the study, it was found that relative importance of attributes for the regular consumers were 48.8% price, 30.7% purchasing source, 20.5% meat type, and for non-regular consumers were 37.3% meat type, 34.3% price and 28.4% purchasing source. Determination coefficients of the models for regular and non-regular consumers were found as 99.3% and 99.2%, respectively.Öğe Determination of Milk Yield Characteristics in Private Dairy Cattle Farms in Mus Province(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2019) Bakir, Galip; Kibar, MustafaThis research was conducted to determine the reproductive activities and the affecting factors of dairy cattle farms in 346 farms of Mus province and its districts. Farms were based on 74.1% of jumping on other animals. 56.2% mucus discharge and 44.5% bellowing of animals as the primary sign of heat. For the first insemination, 52.6% of the herds were inseminated and 30.9% were seeded freely in the herd. Natural insemination of cows was 47.3% and preferred artificial insemination was 33.7%. The percentage of farms with reproductive problems and non-reproductive problems was 27.0% and 25.1%, respectively. while the rate of those who had sometimes problem was 38.1%. Postnatal insemination was found in the first resentment (33.8%), after 45 days (35.3W, and two months later (30.9%). Winter and spring were preferred as calving season. The effect of the location of the farms on the properties was found to be significant. This situation has been determined to have a significant effect on breeds grown in Farms. In order to bring the reproductive characteristics to the desired limits, it is recommended to take some precautions such as improving the feeding and shelter conditions and increasing the technical knowledge level of breeders.Öğe Determination of Some Structural Features of Cattle Fattening Farms in Mus Province(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2020) Bakir, Galip; Kibar, MustafaIn this research, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 368 farmers in Mus province in order to determine some structural characteristics of fattening farms. Results indicated that the average farmers' age was 44.74, the experience in animal husbandry was 20.0 years and the average number of animals in the farms were 41.72 head. The level of education of the farmers was generally determined as primary school (45.8%) and secondary school (33.6%). Combined farms account for 86% of fattening farms in the province. Of the farmers, 39.3% were members of the union and 15.9% were members of the cooperative. Overall, 77.5% of the farmers thought province of Mus was suitable for cattle fattening, while 64% of whom did not. It Concentrated feed and roughage are reported to be too expensive in the region. The ratios of native, crossbreed and cultural breeds raised in the farms were 26.6%, 45.6% and 47.7% respectively. Among the hybrid races in the farms were the most Simental and Swiss Brown hybrids. The most mentioned problems in farms were high feed prices, low support premium and expensive veterinary services. The expectations of the farmers from the authorities were to have low costed credits, increase the number of breeding animals and support premiums.Öğe Determining Properties of Barns of Dairy Cattle Farms in Mus Province(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2020) Bakir, Galip; Kibar, MustafaThis study was conducted to evaluate the barn properties of dairy cattle farms in Mus province. For this purpose, a survey was performed with 346 farmers using random sampling method. Barns of the farms were constructed as independent (85.8%). More than half of the farmers built barns based on their own experience (58.6%). The estimated area of the barns in the farms changed between 51-200 m2. The proportion of the farms in which all required divisions were included was determined as 2.8%. Manure cleaning was done, mostly, by hand daily (90.3%). Manure was burned (48.7%), utilized as fertilizer (19%) or sold (5%). Litter was utilized in 66.5% of the farms. Most commonly used litter was the straw (55.6%) and followed by manure (23.4%). This research provides important information regarding to basic aspects of dairy farms in Mus province. This information could be utilized in improving dairy farming in the province.Öğe Entansif Koşullarda Üretim Yapan Bir Siyah Alaca Süt Sığırı İşletmesinde Süt Üretim Maliyeti ve Karlılık Durumu İçin Ekonomik Analiz(2024) Kibar, Mustafa; Erkmen, Ramazan; Aytekin, İbrahimAmaç: Bu çalışma ile bir Siyah Alaca süt sığırı işletmesinin 1 L (litre) sütten elde ettiği kar-zarar durumunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu amaçla özel bir Siyah Alaca süt sığırı işletmesinin 2014-2022 yılları arasındaki gelir ve gider kalemlerine ait veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: İşletmenin gelir kalemleri toptan süt satışı (%69.36), hayvan kesimi (%14.28), desteklemeler (%8.95), TARSİM (%3.46), hayvan sayısı artışı (%5.92) ve perakende süt satışından (%0.86) oluşmaktadır. İşletmenin gider kalemlerini ise ilaç-aşı gideri (%2.81), yem gideri (%66.93), işçilik gideri (%10.21), muhtelif giderler (%19.51) ve perakende süt satışı gideri (%1.22) oluşturmaktadır. Mevcut işletmede (Toplam gelir)?(Toplam gider) oranı ortalama 1.259 TL olarak belirlenmiş ve işletmenin yıllık karı ortalama %84.72 oranında artmıştır. İşletmede ortalama 1 L sütün toplam maliyeti, yemleme maliyeti, satış fiyatı ve kar-zarar durumu sırasıyla 2.72 TL, 1.85 TL, 2.50 TL ve -0.22 TL olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, gider kalemleri içerisinde yemleme maliyetinin en yüksek orana sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yem maliyetinin azaltılması ya da süt veriminin artırılması ile 1 L sütten elde edilen gelir artırılabilir. Ayrıca, mevcut işletmede yoğun kaba yem üretimine ve 1 L sütten zarar edilmesine rağmen, diğer gelir kalemlerinin çeşitliliği sayesinde işletmenin kar ettiği tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Estimates of genetic parameters and genetic trend for growth traits and Kleiber ratio of Holstein-Friesian calves(Springer, 2023) Kibar, MustafaGrowth traits of calves, which are quantitative characteristics determining cattle business profitability, vary according to genetic and environmental factors. In other words, growth traits depend on the genetics of the individual and vary with farm management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective environmental factors, genetic parameters, and genetic trends for some growth traits and the Kleiber ratio (KR) in Holstein-Friesian calves. For this purpose, the records of 724 calves, progeny of 566 dams and 29 sires, reared between 2017 and 2019 on a private dairy farm in Turkiye, were used. MTDFREML software was utilized to estimate genetic parameters and genetic trends of growth traits and KR. In this study, regarding weight, the mean of birth weight (BW), 60-day weight (W-60), and 90-day weight (W-90) were 39.76 +/- 6.15 kg, 69.23 +/- 10.93 kg, and 95.76 +/- 16.48 kg, respectively. Concerning weight gain, 1-60 daily weight gain (DWG(1-60)), 60-90 daily weight gain (DWG(60-90)), and 1-90 daily weight gain (DWG(1-90)) were 0.49 +/- 0.16 kg, 0.91 +/- 0.34 kg, and 0.63 +/- 0.17 kg, respectively. With respect to KR, 1-60 daily KR (KR1-60), 60-90 daily KR (KR60-90), and 1-90 daily KR (KR1-90) were 2.03 +/- 0.48, 2.93 +/- 0.89, and 2.02 +/- 0.34, respectively. As a result of the GLM analysis, only the effect of the birth season on all traits was significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). In addition, it was detected that sex had a significant effect on BW and W-60 (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). For all traits, only the effect of parity on KR1-60 was not significant. In REML analysis, direct heritability differed between 0.26 +/- 0.16 and 0.81 +/- 0.27 obtained at DWG(1-90) and DWG(1-60), respectively. Also, the highest repeatability (0.100) was obtained in DWG(1-60). It was detected that mass selection could be used in all traits for breeding program. In BLUP analysis, the current population had an increasing trend for BW and W-90 and a decreasing trend for W-60. However, there was no significant change in other weight gain traits and KR over the years. Calves with high breeding values for BW, W-60, W-90, DWG(1-60), DWG(60-90), and DWG(1-90) should be chosen for selection programs. But for KR1-60, KR60-90, and KR1-90, calves with low breeding values should be selected for efficiency. Also, KR evaluated would contribute to the literature and other research should be studied regarding KR.Öğe Exploring the integration of thermal imaging technology with the data mining algorithms for precise prediction of honey and beeswax yield(Wiley, 2024) Kibar, Mustafa; Altay, Yasin; Aytekin, IbrahimSustainability in beekeeping depends on identifying the factors affecting honey and beeswax yields (HY and BWY) - key products - and accurately predicting these yields. Therefore, this study aimed to predict HY and BWY using a classification and regression tree (CART), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms, and thermal image processing in Apis mellifera. In this study, 13 colonies of 6 different breeds raised in 10-frame Langstroth hives were used. The effects of independent variables were predicted using data mining algorithms and 15 performance metrics for the effectiveness of the algorithms. Colony power (CP), thermal temperatures (Tmin, Tmax, and Tmean), breed, a*, b*, red, green, saturation, and brightness impacted HY and BWY in different algorithms, but not birth year of queen, L, hue and blue. As a result, XGBoost, CART, and RF demonstrated high predictive performance, respectively. Due to their higher predictive performance, XGBoost and CART algorithms could predict HY and BWY using CP, thermal temperatures, and image values. These techniques could be useful for producers to monitor production quickly and non-invasively without threatening colony welfare.Öğe Fuzzy Logic Model for Determining Optimal Temperature-Humidity Index Values in Dairy Farms in Temperate Climate(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Kibar, Mustafa; Aytekin, Ibrahim; Ozkan, Ilker AliIn livestock, temperature, humidity, and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) affect the welfare, yields, health and viability of animals. This study aimed to develop optimal temperature, humidity, and THI thresholds for dairy farms in temperate climate regions using a fuzzy logic model. THI values were calculated using three different literature-derived equations, considering different temperature and humidity situations in dairy farms. The Mamdani-type fuzzy logic method was utilized to formulate linguistic expressions for temperature, humidity, and THI values. According to the THI thresholds, the areas below the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were found to be significant (p < 0.001) in all fuzzy algorithms. The study found 100% harmony with the THI thresholds of 66 and 72 for cattle in temperate climates, but only 73.6% harmony with the threshold of 74 for cattle adapted to tropical climate. Briefly, in temperate dairy farms, the fuzzy logic revealed that the optimal temperature, humidity and THI values should be between 14-18.5 degrees C, 65-70% and 52.5-64.5, respectively. However, further research is required to understand the impact of thresholds determined by fuzzy logic on dairy cow production and welfare.Öğe Lack of evidence for association between the leptin/Sau3AI gene and milk yield traits in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle(Cambridge Univ Press, 2023) Kibar, Mustafa; Aytekin, IbrahimThis study aimed to investigate the effect of leptin gene polymorphism and some environmental factors on milk production traits. Blood samples from 212 Holstein Friesian dairy cattle reared on a private farm were used. The intron 2 region of the leptin gene was digested with Sau3A I restriction enzyme using the PCR-RFLP method. A and B alleles and AA, AB, and BB genotype frequencies for the Sau3A I polymorphism were determined as 0.8821 and 0.1179, and 0.764, 0.236 and 0.000, respectively. Chi-square analysis revealed that the leptin gene polymorphism followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, including the absence of animals with the BB genotype. The effect of leptin gene polymorphism on all milk production traits was insignificant. For milk production traits, direct heritability ( h(a)(2) ) varied between 0.03 +/- 0.283 (for the dry period) and 0.50 +/- 0.183 (for milk conductivity). Regarding the milking time (MT), the estimated breeding values (EBVs) of cattle with the AA genotype were higher than the AB genotype ( P < 0.05). As a result of this study, in the selection program, allele or genotype could not be suggested as a marker for milk yield characteristics except for the possible exception of milking time and its relationship to mastitis incidence.Öğe Novel Findings on the SNP18 Sequence and Its Functional Analysis in Hygienic Behavior of Apis mellifera(Wiley, 2024) Kibar, Mustafa; Negis, Inci Sahin; Aytekin, IbrahimHygienic behavior (HB) is a crucial biological mechanism in honeybees that is associated with disease resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the SNP18 sequence and environmental factors on the HB of honey bees, using a total of 14 colonies and 148 bee samples from seven different bee breeds. Association analysis revealed that colonies with Italian hybrids (IH) or young queens statistically (p < 0.01) exhibited high hygienic behavior (HHB). HB increased by 71.6% when the number of frames in the colony, representing colony power (CP), increased by one (p < 0.05). In restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, novel mutations in the MlyI polymorphism of the SNP18 sequence were firstly found in Apis mellifera. In addition, the restriction fragments of the novel variants of the SNP18 HHB and SNP18 low hygienic behavior (LHB) lines were determined by sequencing. In this study, several important findings emerged: Due to one-base differences in the restriction fragment, this sequence could not be genotyped by RFLP. Honeybees could be homozygous (HHB or LHB) or heterozygous (HHB and LHB) for the SNP18. SNP18 sequence could be located in different regions of the chromosome and could only be determined by genome sequencing. Finally, since genotypes cannot be clearly determined, no specific allele or genotype can be recommended for HB selection in beekeeping. Therefore, additional research is required to assess discovered novel variants for genetic selection of HHB for ecological beekeeping, healthy products and sustainability.Öğe Satisfaction and Affecting Factors in Fattening Farms in Mus Province(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2021) Bakir, Galip; Kibar, MustafaIn this research, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 368 farm owners in Mus province and 5 districts in order to determine fattening farmers' satisfaction level and affecting factors. Data were analyzed with SPSS and cross tables were created. Overall, 65% of farmer in the province were satisfied with fattening farming, while 35% were not Among the districts, the highest satisfaction rates were determined in Korkut (74.5%) and Varto (78.3%) and the highest dissatisfaction rate (56.3%) was determined in the farmer located in Haskoy district. While 33.1% of those satisfied with fattening farming were in the 41-50 age range, this ratio fell to 29.2% in farmers with 51+ age. This ratio was found to be 15.7% in farmers who were 30 <= young and just started animal farming. It was found that the number of individuals with 4 <= had the highest satisfaction rate. The decrease in satisfaction rate was significant as the number of individuals increased. The satisfaction ratio was 63.5% in farms having 5 <= animals. Satisfaction ratio increased up to 72.9% as the number of animals increased (21-40 head). Considering the breeds, satisfaction rate was highest (67%) for the farmers having crossbred animals followed by pure culture bred ones. Farmers who are performing other business besides fattening were more satisfied (70.7%) than those who are doing just fattening. At the end of fattening, 74.7% of the farmers who sold their animals at an appropriate price were found to be satisfied with fattening. Overall, 25.3% of the farmers were dissatisfied with beef cattle even they sold their animals at an appropriate price at the end of fattening. It was determined that nearly all (97.4%) of the farmers who were satisfied with the beef cattle and 68.3% of the dissatisfied ones wanted to maintain the beef fattening farming.Öğe Siirt ili koşullarında yetiştirilen siyah alaca sığırlarda ısı stresinin süt verimi ve komposizyonu üzerine etkisi(Siirt Üniversitesi, 2018) Kibar, Mustafa; Bakır, GalipBu çalışma, süt sığırlarında ısı stresinin vücut sıcaklığı, süt verimi ve içeriği üzerine etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla Siirt ili Kurtalan ilçesi Yunuslar köyünde bulunan Ceylanlar Tarım İşletmesinde 13 baş Siyah Alaca kültür ırkı sığırda rektal sıcaklık, süt verimi ve içeriği değerleri aylık olarak takip edilmiştir. Söz konusu parametrelere ilişkin değerler Mart, Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran, Temmuz, Ağustos ve Eylül aylarında kaydedilmiştir. Ek olarak çiftlik koşullarında sıcaklık ve nem değerleri kaydedilerek, ısı stresinin meydana gelmesinde kullanılan sıcaklık-nem indeks değerlerinin hesaplanmasında kullanılmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel analizinde SAS 9.4 yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Analizlerin gerçekleştirilmesinde Proc Means, Proc Corr ve Proc Mixed komutları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan sürekli yapıdaki değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon katsayıları kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgularda, ısı stresi ile vücut sıcaklığı arasında önemli pozitif korelasyon (p<0.001); ısı stresi ile süt verimi ve ısı stresi ile süt yağ oranı arasında ise önemli negatif bir korelasyon olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05-p<0.01). Isı stresi ile süt protein, laktoz ve kuru madde oranları arasında negatif bir ilişki saptanmasına rağmen, bu ilişki istatistik olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak çalışmanın yürütüldüğü işletmede Mayıs ayının ortasından başlayarak Eylül ayının sonuna kadar ısı stresinin meydana geldiği saptanmıştır. Buna göre çalışmanın yürütüldüğü bölgede yaz aylarında oluşan ısı stresinin süt sığırlarında vücut sıcaklığı, süt verimi ve süt yağ oranını olumsuz yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir.Öğe Siirt ili Merkez ilçede kırmızı et tüketim alışkanlıkları ve tüketimi etkileyen faktörler(Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 2019) Kibar, Mustafa; Mikail, Nazire; Yılmaz, AyhanKırmızı et tüketimi insanların sağlıklı beslenmesinde ve ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyinin belirlenmesinde önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışma Siirt ili Merkez ilçede kırmızı et tüketim alışkanlığını ve tüketimi etkileyen faktörleri incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Veriler tesadüfi örnekleme metoduyla belirlenen 161 kişi ile yüzyüze anket yapılarak elde edilmiştir. Deneklerin yaklaşık olarak yarısı kadınlardan oluşmakta ve çoğunluğu Siirt ilinde sadece ikamet ettiklerini belirtmiştir. Araştırmaya katılanların çoğunluğu lise-lisans derecesine sahip, evli ve orta yaşlı insanlardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar genellikle koyun etini, orta fiyatlı etleri ve alım yeri olarak da kasabı tercih etmektedirler. Katılımcıların kırmızı eti tercih etmesinde alışkanlık başta olmak üzere lezzetli ve sağlıklı olması gibi faktörler de etkili olmuştur. Tüketiciler kırmızı et satın alırken alım yerinin hijyenik olmasına ve ürünlerin etiketli olmasına daha çok dikkat etmişlerdir. Tüketicilerin et tüketim miktarları üzerine ailedeki birey sayısı, aylık ortalama gelir ve aylık ortalama gıda harcaması etkili olmuştur. Sonuç olarak Siirt ilinde daha çok koyun etinin tüketildiği ve bu durumun bölgede küçükbaş hayvancılığın yaygın olmasından ve dolayısıyla alışkanlıktan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.Öğe Siyah Alaca Süt Sığırlarında Süt ve Döl Verim Özelliklerinin Makro Çevresel Faktörlere Göre Varyasyonu(2024) Kibar, Mustafa; Bulut, Emre; Aytekin, İbrahimBu çalışmada Siyah Alaca süt sığırlarında süt ve döl verim özellikleri ile bu özelliklerin bazı temel etkili çevresel faktörlere göre değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Etki miktarları ve ortalamalar arasındaki farklar genel doğrusal model ve Tukey testi ile belirlenmiştir. Populasyonda laktasyon süt verimi (LSV) ile buzağılama aralığı (BA) 8620±20400 kg ve 383.07±55.46 gün olarak bulunmuştur. Varyans analizinde laktasyon sırasının (LS) pik sağımda geçen gün (PSGG) ile kuruda kalma süresi (KKS) dışındaki süt verim özellikleri üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.01). Buzağılama yılının (BY) ise yalnızca 100 günlük laktasyon süt verimi (LSV100), pik süt verimi (PSV) ve PSGG üzerine etkisi önemlidir (p<0.05, p<0.01). Buzağılama mevsiminin (BM) ise sadece sağımda geçen gün (SGG) üzerine etkisi önemlidir (p<0.05). BY’nin servis periyodu (SP) üzerindeki önemli etkisi (p<0.05) dışında LS, BY ve BM’nin döl verim özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Ayrıca doğum yılının ilkine damızlıkta kullanma yaşı (İDKY) ve ilk buzağılama yaşı (İBY) üzerine etkisi ile doğum mevsiminin İBY üzerindeki etkisi önemlidir (p<0.01). Sonuç olarak, genetik seleksiyon halen pahalı bir yöntem olduğundan, hemen hemen her yetiştirici tarafından uygulanan fenotipe dayalı seleksiyonda başarının artırılması için çevresel faktörlerin etki miktarlarının hesaplanması ve değerlendirilmesi, süt sığırcılığının sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağlayabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.Öğe Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinin Memnuniyet ve Sürdürülebilirliğine Etkili Olan Faktörler: Muş İli Örneği(2019) Bakır, Galip; Kibar, MustafaBu çalışma, Muş ilindeki büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinin memnuniyet ve sürdürülebilirliği ile buna etkili olduğudüşünülen; işletme mevki ve tipi, işletmecilerin yaşı, eğitim durumu, hayvancılık yapılan süre, hayvan mevcudu ve ırkı gibifaktörlerin etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma materyalini, Muş il merkezi ve 5 ilçesinde 346 işletmedeyapılan anket verileri oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen verilerin çapraz tabloları SPSS paket programında oluşturulmuş veönemlilik testi için ki-kare analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucu, frekans değerlerine göre, işletmecilerin % 59.4’ününhayvancılıktan memnun oldukları ve % 88.9’unun hayvancılığı sürdürmek istedikleri belirlenmiş; sürdürme nedeni olarakişletmecilerin % 43.3’ünün başka işlerinin olmadığı, % 20.1’inin hayvancılığı karlı bulduğu, % 18.5’inin elde ettiği gelirinkendilerine yettiği, % 9.4’ünün hayvancılığı sevdiği; sürdürmeme nedeni olarak ise hayvancılığın karlı olmadığı (% 72.5),zamanın olmaması (% 21.5) ve hayvancılığı sevmeme (% 6) gibi faktörler tespit edilmiştir. Hayvancılıktan memnuniyet ve işisürdürmeye etkili olan işletme mevki ve tipi, işletmecilerin yaş ve eğitim durumu, hayvancılık yapılan süre, hayvan mevcuduve ırkı gibi faktörlerin etkileri önemli (p<0.01) bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, işletmecilerin hayvancılıktan memnun olduğu vehayvancılık faaliyetini sürdürmek için karlılık, elde edilen gelirin yeterli görülmesi ve başka işlerinin olmaması gibi faktörlerinön plana çıktığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin devamlılığı için, hayvancılıktan elde edilen gelirin artırılması ve maliyetindüşürülmesi yönünde teşviklerin faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.Öğe Sıcaklık Nem İndeks Değerlerinin Süt Sığırcılığı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Siirt İli Örneği(2018) Kibar, Mustafa; Yılmaz, Ayhan; Bakır, GalipTürkiye bulunduğu coğrafi konum itibariyle dört mevsimin birlikte yaşandığı, ılıman iklime sahip bir ülkedir. Yazaylarındaki (Haziran, Temmuz, Ağustos, Eylül) günlük ortalama sıcaklık değerleri 25 o C’nin üzerine çıkabilmektedir.Özellikle nem oranının yüksek olduğu Akdeniz ve Ege Bölgesi’nde, ayrıca sıcaklığın çok yüksek olduğu Güneydoğu AnadoluBölgesi’nde bütün canlılar ısı stresine maruz kalabilmektedir. Hayvansal üretim bakımından değerlendirildiğinde, ısı stresi bubölgelerde yetiştirilen süt ineklerinde önemli verim kayıplarına neden olabilmektedir. Isı stresini belirlemede vedeğerlendirmede bazı ölçütler kullanılmakla birlikte en yaygın kullanılan parametre sıcaklık-nem indeksi değeridir. Siirt ili veilçeleri için sıcaklık nem indeksi değerlerini saptamak için Siirt Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü ile ilçelerdeki meteorolojiistasyonlarının verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Buna göre Siirt Merkez, Pervari, Baykan, Kurtalan, Şirvan ve Eruh ilçelerineilişkin sıcaklık nem indeksi değerleri sırasıyla 72.43, 67.64, 71.80, 72.34, 71.67 ve 68.87 olarak bulunmuştur. ÇalışmadaSiirt il merkezi ile ilçelerinde Haziran, Temmuz, Ağustos ve Eylül aylarında sıcaklık nem indeks değerlerinin eşik değeriolarak bildirilen 65 veya 72 değerlerinin üzerine çıktığı saptanmıştır. Ancak ısı stresi açısından istatistiki olarak Pervari veEruh ilçelerinin diğer ilçelere oranla süt sığırcılığına daha uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak, Siirt koşullarındasürdürülebilir bir süt sığırcılığı için ısı stresinin ortaya çıktığı zamanlarda yeterli serinletme sistemlerinin kullanılmasıgerekmektedir.Öğe The association between ClaI polymorphism and hygienic behavior in Apis mellifera(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2024) Sahin Negis, Inci; Kibar, Mustafa; Aytekin, IbrahimHygienic behavior represents one of the most prominent disease resistance mechanisms developed by honeybees. This behavior is known to be influenced by the genotype and environmental factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of SNP-8 polymorphism and environmental factors on hygienic behavior in different Apis mellifera breeds. A total of fourteen colonies and 148 bees from seven different bee breeds were used for the Pin-killed Brood Assay (PKB) test and PCR-RFLP analysis, respectively. The PKB assay revealed a wide range of hygienic behavior, spanning from 68% to 100% across the fourteen colonies. The frequencies of the H (High) and L (Low) alleles were 0.0709 and 0.9291, and the frequencies of the HH (High-High), HL (High-Low), and LL (Low-Low) genotypes were 0.027, 0.088, and 0.855 (respectively) and the population was not in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Additionally, the effects of genotype, breed, birth year of queen, and colony power on hygienic behavior were found to be significant (p < 0.01). Italian hybrid breeds exhibited the highest levels of hygienic behavior, while Anatolian hybrid breeds demonstrated the lowest. It was also found that colonies with young queens, high colony power, and bees with HL and LL genotypes are more hygienic. A noteworthy finding of this study was the detection of heterozygous individuals (HL), marking the first such observation in this study. Consequently, HL and LL genotypes for hygienic behavior in the apiary could be suggested in the selection program. However, more research with more colonies and genes is needed to increase the effectiveness of selection for hygienic behavioral traits in A. mellifera. The widespread of hygienic colonies plays a critical role in preventing the spread of diseases, contributing significantly to the sustainability of beekeeping.Öğe The Effect of Heat Stress on Milk Yield, Milk Fat Rate and Rectal Temperaturein Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle(2020) Kibar, Mustafa; Bakır, Galip; Yılmaz, AyhanHeat stress is an environmental factor that negatively affects the morphological and physiological properties of dairy cattle. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat stress and milk yield, milk fat ratio and body temperature in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. The data of the study was obtained from a private Kurtalan Farm of Siirt province, the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Milk yield and other traits of 13 head HolsteinFriesian dairy cattle were recorded in March, April, May, June, July, August and September. In addition, temperature and humidity records were recorded in the farm and in the parlor to be used for calculating the temperature humidity index value. In the analysis of data, correlation and regression methods were used. As a result of the study, the negative correlation (P<0.01) was found between milk yield and milk fat ratio and the positive correlation (P<0.001) were detected between heat stress and body temperature. In addition, a significant negative relationship was observed between rectal temperature and milk yield (P<0.01).
