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Öğe Advances in Input Management for Food and Environmental Security(wiley, 2022) Sabagh, Ayman E. L.; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Hossain, Akbar; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Habib-ur-Rahman, Muhammad; Mansour, Fatma; Wasaya, AllahAchieving food security while protecting the environment in the context of future global climate changes is a great challenge to the sustainability of modern agricultural systems. Food production is likely to maintain priority over environmental protection. In modern agriculture, input management is very crucial for sustaining future food security and environmental protection which might be achieved by the integration of land, pest, disease, nutrient, and other resource management practices. This chapter focuses on the potential of next-generation input management techniques for safer food production and environmental protection. The possible impacts of next-generation input management techniques for safer and nutritious food production without environmental degradation as along with other vital dimensions of food security have been discussed. Additionally, next-generation input assessment studies, possible integration of different techniques, and approaches for food and environment security have been objectively described. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.Öğe Biological Nitrogen Fixation: An Analysis of Intoxicating Tribulations from Pesticides for Sustainable Legume Production(Springer Nature, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Ramzan, Musarrat; Bukhari, Muhammad Adnan; Raza, Ali; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Meena, Ram SwaroopA score of pedo-environmental factors serves as limiting elements for the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process in root nodules of leguminous plants. Since the advent of the green revolution, pesticides have been considered indispensable for keeping crop pests below the economic threshold level to ensure sustainable production of field crops for the rapidly increasing world population. However, pesticide application has also been associated with adverse effects on plant growth and development besides causing a detrimental reduction in microbial community dynamics. Rhizobium strains that are host-specific are no exception to this threat and are negatively influenced by different pesticides, especially fungicides, which seriously affect the functioning of the nitrogen (N) fixation process. Pesticides containing different synthetic chemicals affect symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), and consequently, the amount of N fixed. This leads to reliance on crop plants primarily on N available in soil solution. Ultimately, reduced soil fertility leads to deteriorate crop productivity and quality of the produce. The objective of this review has been to synthesize, explore and critically analyze the effects of pesticide applications and their physiological impacts on BNF in legumes for sustainable crop production to strengthen food security for the increasing world population. Our review elucidates that indiscriminate use of agrochemicals could result in an undesirable environment for the healthy survival of symbiotic and symbiotic organisms leading to a corresponding reduction in exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis leading to poor atmospheric N fixation and thus affecting the whole agroecosystems. Therefore, by giving due consideration to the harmful effects of pesticides, farmers’ awareness about the safe usage of agrochemicals might be among the top priorities to conserve the environment besides harmonically preserving living organisms. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe Changing Climate Scenario: Perspectives of Camelina sativa as Low-Input Biofuel and Oilseed Crop(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Ahmad, Muhammad; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Hafeez, Muhammad Bilal; Zulfiqar, Usman; Ahmad, Zahoor; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Raza, AliHigh population shifts and climate change are putting thrust on the food industry, especially edible oil production. Monoculture of high-input crops certainly affects the crop yield and soil health. The import of edible oil is increasing in the major part of the world, putting some burden on the national exchequer of the countries. The current oil crops are unable to meet the deficit to address the problems; a crop with distinct features must be incorporated in the cropping system. [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], a unique profiled biodiesel crop, is famous as gold of pleasure, and its oil is famous as a golden liquid. Camelina oil is an outstanding feedstock for the bio-based industry since its unique composition allows multiple applications. It is a rich source of oil >43%, which comprises a huge amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which accounts for 90%, containing 30-40% of alpha-linolenic acid and 15-25% of linoleic acid. The revival of this unique oilseed crop was based on (a) numerous inherent promising physiognomies, vigorous agronomic characteristics, eye-catching oil profile, genetic continuity with Arabidopsis, and the comfort of genetic remodeling by floral dip; (b) the investment in camelina which is understood as it merits serious considerations as potential biodiesel and oilseed and which shares a big role toward the sustainability along with increasing the diversity and production of plant oils; and (c) a univocal and descriptive portrayal of the different growth stages of camelina which will be used as an important apparatus for agronomy and research. In this review, the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemische Industrie) scale was used to describe the phenological stages. The best use of camelina in the industrial sector as a drop-in product of packing materials, coatings, and adhesions can be achieved by further research to enlarge the camelina market. © The Editor(s) (ifapplicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe Consequences of Salinity Stress on the Quality of Crops and Its Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Crop Production: An Outlook of Arid and Semi-arid Regions(Springer International Publishing, 2020) El Sabagh, Ayman; Hossain, Akbar; Barutçular, Celaleddin; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Islam, M. Sohidul; Fahad, Shah; Sytar, OksanaOne of the key tasks of the Sustainable Development Goals connected to Agriculture, Safety and nutritional quality of food is to raise crop production per unit area without compromising the sustainability of agricultural resources and environmental security. Along with environmental constraints, soil salinization has become one of the major threats that restricts agricultural potential and is closely related to mishandling of agricultural resources and overexploitation of water resources, particularly in arid regions. The effect of salinity on the quality of various agricultural crops has not yet been much explored. Presently, this information is very important due to the increasing use of saline water for irrigation worldwide which has given rise to as soil salinity has become a critical around the world and the situation has been worsening over the last 20 years in arid and semi-arid regions particularly in Mediterranean area. Salinity stress significantly affect the nutritional properties and quality traits of crops due to physiological and biochemical alterations in plants at different growth stage. During salinity stress, plants tend to activate different physiological and biochemical mechanisms to cope with the stress through altering their morphology, anatomy, water relations, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, primary and secondary metabolism and biochemical adaptations such as the antioxidative metabolism response. Therefore, it is important for breeders and producers to understand the influence of salinity on the composition of crops, for improvement of protein and oil quality (amino and fatty acid) under the salinity conditions. The aims of present review is to quantify the adverse effects of salinity on quality parameters of crops and management approaches for ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity stress to enhance the yield and grain quality of crops. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Environmental Upheaval: Consequences and Management Strategies(CRC Press, 2022) Naz, Misbah; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Hossain, Akbar; Danish, Subhan; Datta, Rahul; Fahad, Shah[No abstract available]Öğe Evaluation of Drought Tolerance of Some Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes through Phenology, Growth, and Physiological Indices(Mdpi, 2021) Chowdhury, M. Kaium; Hasan, M. A.; Bahadur, M. M.; Islam, Md Rafiqul; Hakim, Md Abdul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Javed, TalhaIncreasing human population and changing climate, which have given rise to frequent drought spells, pose a serious threat to global food security, while identification of high yielding drought tolerant genotypes remains a proficient approach to cope with these challenges. To offer a methodology for the evaluation of the drought-tolerant wheat genotypes based on the pheno-physiological traits, a field experiment was executed, entailing four wheat genotypes viz. BARI Gom 26, BAW 1158, BAW 1167, and BAW 1169 and two water conditions viz. control treatment (three times irrigation at 20, 50, and 70 DAS, i.e., 100% field capacity) and stressed treatment (no irrigation during the entire growing season). The results revealed that drought stress drastically reduced the days to booting, heading, anthesis and physiological maturity, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, canopy temperature depression (CTD), and photo-assimilates-spike dry matter (SDM), grains spike(-1) and grain yield of all wheat genotypes. In addition, the genotypes BAW 1167 and BARI Gom 26 remained more prone to adverse effects of drought as compared to BAW 1169 and BAW 1158. Furthermore, DS induced biosynthesis of compatible solutes such as proline, especially in BAW 1169, which enabled plants to defend against oxidative stress. It was inferred that BAW 1169 remained superior by exhibiting the best adaptation as indicated by the maximum relative values of RWC, total chlorophyll, CTD, proline content, SDM, grains spike(-1), and grain yield of wheat. Thus, based on our findings, BAW 1169 may be recommended for general adoption and utilization in future wheat breeding programs aimed at developing potent drought-tolerant wheat genotypes to ensure food security on a sustainable basis.Öğe FOLIAGE APPLIED SILICON AMELIORATES DROUGHT STRESS THROUGH PHYSIO-MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS, OSMOPROTECTANTS AND ANTIOXIDANT METABOLISM OF CAMELINA (Camelina sativa L.) GENOTYPES(Univ Life Sciences Lublin, 2021) Ahmad, Zahoor; Warraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Alharby, Hesham; Bamagoos, Atif; Cig, FatihSilicon (Si) is one of the best plant defense elements against the biotic and abiotic stresses. Camelina plants accumulate Si which serves in protection against drought stress. The present study was conducted to inves-tigate the impact of different doses of foliage applied Si (0, 3, 6 and 9 mM) under water stress (40% field capacity, FC) and non-stress conditions (100% FC) on camelina genotypes (Canadian and Australian). The imposed drought drastically decreased the growth parameters like root-shoot length and plant fresh and dry weight and also had negative impact on the chlorophyll content along with water relation attributes (water potential, osmotic potential and turgor pressure). In contrast, total free amino acids, total soluble proteins, proline and antioxidants such as ascorbic peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were enhanced especially in water stressed Canadian genotype, while osmoprotectants (flavonoids, anthocyanins and glycinebetaine) and phenolics contents were decreased. On the other hand, the foliar application of Si was instrumental in enhancing the growth of camelina by increasing the chlorophyll contents and water relation of stressed and non-stressed plants. Similarly, the biochemical, osmoprotectants and antioxidant metabolism was also improved in camelina stressed plants through the application of foliar Si. In conclusion, foliar application of 6 mM Si at vegetative growth stage played a vital role in alleviating the drastic impact of water stress on camelina growth by improving the water status, chlorophyll content, accumulation of phenolics and osmoprotectants and activating antioxidants. Therefore, the foliar application of Si could be developed as an important biologically viable strategy for boosting the tolerance in camelina plants to water stress conditions.Öğe Foliar application of silicon-based nanoparticles improve the adaptability of maize (Zea mays L.) in cadmium contaminated soils(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Ahmed, Sarfraz; Iqbal, Muhammad; Ahmad, Zahoor; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Artyszak, Arkadiusz; Sabagh, Ayman E. L.; Alharby, Hesham F.Heavy metals (HMs) especially cadmium (Cd) absorbed by the roots of crop plants like maize have emerged as one of the most serious threats by causing stunted plant growth along with disturbing the photosynthetic machinery and nutrient homeostasis process. A trial was conducted for inducing Cd stress tolerance in maize by exogenous application of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) using five doses of SiNPs (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm) and three levels of Cd (0, 15, and 30 ppm) for maize hybrid (SF-9515). The response variables included morphological traits and biochemical parameters of maize. The results indicated that Cd level of 30 ppm remained the most drastic for maize plants by recording the minimum traits such as shoot length (39.35 cm), shoot fresh weight (9.52 g) and shoot dry weight (3.20 g), leaf pigments such as chlorophyll a (0.55 mg/g FW), chlorophyll b (0.27 mg/g FW), total contents (0.84 mg/g FW), and carotenoid contents (0.19 mu g/g FW). Additionally, the same Cd level disrupted biochemical traits such as TSP (4.85 mg/g FW), TP (252.94 nmol/g FW), TSAA (18.92 mu mol g(-1) FW), TSS (0.85 mg/g FW), and antioxidant activities such as POD (99.39 min(-1) g(-1) FW), CAT (81.58 min(-1) g(-1) FW), APX (2.04 min(-1) g(-1) FW), and SOD (172.79 min(-1) g(-1) FW). However, a higher level of Cd resulted in greater root length (87.63 cm), root fresh weight (16.43 g), and root dry weight (6.14 g) along with higher Cd concentration in the root (2.52 mu g/g(-1)) and shoot (0.48 mu g/g(-1)). The silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) treatment significantly increased all measured attributes of maize. The highest value was noted of all the parameters such as chlorophyll a (0.91 mg/g FW), chlorophyll b (0.57 mg/g FW), total chlorophyll contents (1.48 mg/g FW), total carotenoid contents (0.40 mu g/g FW), TSP (6.12 mg/g FW), TP (384.56 nmol/g FW), TSAA (24.64 mu mol g(-1) FW), TSS (1.87 mg/g FW), POD (166.10 min(-1) g(-1) FW), CAT (149.54 min(-1) g(-1) FW), APX (3.49 min(-1) g(-1) FW), and SOD (225.57 min(-1) g(-1) FW). Based on recorded findings, it might be inferred that higher levels of Cd tend to drastically reduce morpho-physiological traits of maize and foliage-applied silver nanoparticles hold the potential to ameliorate the adverse effect of Cd stress on maize.Öğe Genotypic Divergences of Important Mungbean Varieties in Response to Salt Stress at Germination and Early Seedling Stage(Hard, 2024) Shaddam, Md. Obaidullah; Islam, M. R.; Ditta, Allah; Ismaan, Hassan Nuur; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Al-Ashkar, Ibrahim; El Sabagh, AymanSalinity drastically hampers the germination and growth of legumes including mungbean which jeopardizes the food and nutritional security of the rising human population. An experiment entailing varying salinity levels (0, 50, and 150 Mm NaCl) was conducted to investigate the response of salinity on germination and seedling growth of four mungbean genotypes (BARI Mung-7, BARI Mung-8, BU Mug-2, and BU Mug-4). The germination indices such as percentage and rate of germination along with the coefficient of velocity (GP) of all mungbean genotypes were significantly reduced by the salt stress, especially of Binamoog-5 at 150 mM NaCl. Contrarily, BARI Mung-8 remained superior by recording better germination indices under all salinity levels. The same cultivar outperformed the rest of the cultivars based on the greatest weights (fresh and dry) and length of roots and shoots, while BU Mug-2 could not perform at par under a saline environment. Thus, it might be inferred that mungbean genotypes differ in their potential for salt endurance due to the germination vigor and seedling growth robustness and screening of salt-tolerant cultivars could mitigate the detrimental effects of salineÖğe GROWTH, HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF TURFGRASSES SPECIES UNDER AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF IĞDIR, TURKEY(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2024) Hosafioglu, Ibrahim; Akdeniz, Hakki; Turan, Nizamettin; Seydosoglu, Seyithan; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; El Sabagh, AymanThe agro-botanical and qualitative testing of indigenous turfgrass species have remained neglected despite their enormous potential to provide nutritional herbage for dairy animals. A multi-year research was conducted to appraise the growth, herbage yield and nutritional quality performance of eight turfgrass species (Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra rubra, Festuca rubra comutata, Festuca rubra trichophylla, Festuca ovina, Agrostis tenuis) during 2015 and 2016 under the agro-ecological conditions of Igdir, Turkey. The experiment was carried out in a factorial design with three replications, while response variables included different agro-botanical traits and green herbage potential of turfgrasses under investigation. The results revealed that Festuca arundinacea remained superior for canopy covering rate, green herbage yield, plant height, root depth, leaf width, grass quality and greenness of leaf color.It was followed by Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra rubra. However, Festuca ovina and Agrostis tenuis performed below par to other turfgrass species during all seasons of both years. Therefore, turfgrass species 'Festuca arundinacea', Lolium perenne and Festuca rubra rubra may be recommended for obtaining significantly higher green herbage yield and quality in all three seasons (spring, summer and autumn) in Igdir, Turkey and in other regions of having similar agro-climatic conditions globally.Öğe Insights into Potential Roles of Plantsas Natural Radioprotectants and Amelioration of Radiations Induced Harmful Impacts on Human Health(Springer Nature, 2022) Naz, Misbah; Shah, Tariq; Battaglia, Martin; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Hossain, Akbar; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Ihsan, Muhammad ZahidRadiations have a significant impact on many physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in plants, animals, and humans. Several studies have revealed the beneficial and adverse effects of radiation on human health. The radiation tolerance potential of plants can be used to protect humans from different harmful radiations. However, the underlying mechanisms that enable plants as radioprotectants remain unclear. Therefore, this chapter summarizes findings related to the detrimental effects of electromagnetic radiation on human health and the potential role of plants in mitigating the adverse effects of radiation. There is a dire need to increase our understanding of plants’ ability to reduce damages caused by radiations through their scavenging activity of free radicals, synthesis of various antioxidants, inhibiting apoptosis, and modulation of growth factors, cytokines, and redox genes. The identification and characterization of plants to tolerate radiations could provide safe, cost-effective, and sustainable radiation protection measures to human health in our surroundings. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe Irrigation Rationalization Boosts Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Yield and Reduces Rust Incidence under Arid Conditions(Hindawi Ltd, 2021) Alghawry, Adnan; Yazar, Attila; Unlu, Mustafa; Colak, Yesim Bozkurt; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Barutcular, Celaleddin; El-Ballat, Enas M.Under changing climate, water scarcity and frequent incidence of diseases like stripe rust pose the biggest threat to sustainable crop production which jeopardizes nutritional security. A study was executed to rationalize crop water requirement and evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L cv. Bohoth 3) yield losses by stripe rust infection under irrigated conditions. Seven water treatments included three irrigations in three stages/season (S-3), four irrigations (S-4), and five irrigations (S-5) at the different sensitive growth stages, full (F), and two deficit irrigation levels including D-1 = 80% of field capacity (FC) and D-2 = 70% (FC) along with farmers' practice of irrigation as control (C). Results revealed that F and D I boosted grain yield by 31 and 14%. Overall, F irrigation regime resulted in the highest grain production (2.93 ton/ha) as well as biomass yield (13.2 ton/ha). However, D-2 had the highest value of grain protein (15.9%) and achieved the highest application efficiency (AE) at midseason (54.6%) and end season (59.6%), and the lowest AE was under S-3. Also, halting irrigation at the milky stage (S-5) led to a significant decrease in irrigation water use efficiency as compared to D-1. However, cutting irrigation at the end of seedling, heading, and milky stages (S-3) caused a significant reduction in E., crop water use (ET.), and 1000 grain weight in comparison with all other treatments. Regarding yellow rust, S-3 irrigation regime resulted in the lowest incidence of yellow rust infection. The highest irrigation and water use efficiency values were recorded under D-1 (0.79 and 0.59 kg/m(3)), and the lowest values were obtained for control. Hence, the deficit irrigation treatment D, could be recommended as the best appropriate strategy to save more water and to improve the water productivity under Yemeni agrodimatic conditions.Öğe Legumes under Drought Stress: Plant Responses, Adaptive Mechanisms, and Management Strategies in Relation to Nitrogen Fixation(CRC Press, 2021) Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Fahad, Shah; Hossain, Akbar; Chowdhury, M Kaium; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Dubey, Anamika; Kumar, Ashwani[No abstract available]Öğe Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Chlorophyll Content for Precision Nitrogen Management in Durum Wheat Cultivars under Semi-Arid Conditions(Mdpi, 2021) Kizilgeci, Ferhat; Yildirim, Mehmet; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Ratnasekera, Disna; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Sabagh, Ayman E. L.To impart sustainability to modern intensive farming systems, environmental pollution caused by nitrogenous fertilizers in needs to be reduced by optimizing their doses. To estimate the grain yield and nutrtional quallity of wheat, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) are potential screening tools to identify the N deficiency and screen out the promising cultivars. The two-year field study was comprised with five levels of nitrogen (N) (control, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha(-1)) and two durum wheat genotypes (Sena and Svevo). The experimental design was split-plot, in which N levels were placed in the main plots, while wheat genotypes were arranged in sub-plots. To predict the yield and quality traits, the NDVI and SPAD values recorded at heading, anthesis and milky growth stages were taken as response variables. The results revealed that N fertilization significantly influenced the SPAD and NDVI attributed traits of durum wheat, except NDVI at milky stage (NDVI-M) during the first year. The maximum value of NDVI was recorded by 150 kg N ha(-1), while control treatment gave the minimum value. The grain yield was increased with the increasing dose of the N up to 100 kg N ha(-1) (4121 kg ha(-1)), and thereafter, it was declined with further increased of N levels. However, the variation between the genotypes was not significant, except NDVI and SPAD values at the milky stage. The genotype Svevo had the highest NDVI values at all growth stages, while the genotype Sena recorded the maximum SPAD values during both years. Similarly, the N levels significantly influenced the quality traits (protein, wet gluten, starch test weight and Zeleny sedimentation) of both genotypes. The highly significant relationship of SPAD and NDVI with the grain yield and yield attributes showed their reliability as indicators for determining the N deficiency and selection of superior wheat genotypes for ensuring food security under climate change scenario.Öğe Physiological Mechanisms of Plants Involved in Phosphorus Nutrition and Deficiency Management(CRC Press, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutçula, Celaleddin; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, Adeel; Ayub, Muhammad Ashar; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Iqbal, Muhammad AamirNutrients play an important role for the better growth and production of the field crops. In fulfilling the requirements of food along with the globe, through an improvement in crop productivity, balanced nutrition plays a vital role. Food crops require phosphorus (P) as a macronutrient for several functions like transfer of energy, cell division, and storage. Phosphorus improves forage, fiber, root growth, and grain yield. It not only strengthens stalk but also improves the early maturity of plants. In resistance against cold injury and root rot disease, P plays its role. Phosphorus is also crucial for cell differentiation and energy transactions. In the plant body, as a part of nucleic acids, phosphor-proteins, and phospholipids, P is a critical constituent of plant cells. The deficiency of P creates a negative impact on the morphology as well as the physiological process of the plants. Many researchers worked on the enhancement of crop productivity and assessed the role of P in plants. This chapter elaborated on three critical aspects of phosphorus; first is the P uses and role in crop plants while the second is the physiological mechanism of P in the plant. The third section discussed the management of P deficiency or toxicity in plants. © 2022 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.Öğe Phytohormones as Growth Regulators During Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants(Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) EL Sabagh, Ayman; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Hossain, Akbar; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Mubeen, Muhammad; Waleed, Mirza; Reginato, MarianaPhytohormones (PHs) play crucial role in regulation of various physiological and biochemical processes that govern plant growth and yield under optimal and stress conditions. The interaction of these PHs is crucial for plant survival under stressful environments as they trigger signaling pathways. Hormonal cross regulation initiate a cascade of reactions which finely tune the physiological processes in plant architecture that help plant to grow under suboptimal growth conditions. Recently, various studies have highlighted the role of PHs such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates in the plant responses toward environmental stresses. The involvement of cytokinins, gibberellins, auxin, and relatively novel PHs such as strigolactones and brassinosteroids in plant growth and development has been documented under normal and stress conditions. The recent identification of the first plant melatonin receptor opened the door to this regulatory molecule being considered a new plant hormone. However, polyamines, which are not considered PHs, have been included in this chapter. Various microbes produce and secrete hormones which helped the plants in nutrient uptake such as N, P, and Fe. Exogenous use of such microbes help plants in correcting nutrient deficiency under abiotic stresses. This chapter focused on the recent developments in the knowledge related to PHs and their involvement in abiotic stresses of anticipation, signaling, cross-talk, and activation of response mechanisms. In view of role of hormones and capability of microbes in producing hormones, we propose the use of hormones and microbes as potential strategy for crop stress management.Öğe Potential Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Administering Crucial Processes Against Abiotic Stresses(Frontiers Media Sa, 2021) EL Sabagh, Ayman; Mbarki, Sonia; Hossain, Akbar; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Raza, Ali; Llanes, AnaliaPlant growth regulators are naturally biosynthesized chemicals in plants that influence physiological processes. Their synthetic analogous trigger numerous biochemical and physiological processes involved in the growth and development of plants. Nowadays, due to changing climatic scenario, numerous biotic and abiotic stresses hamper seed germination, seedling growth, and plant development leading to a decline in biological and economic yields. However, plant growth regulators (PGRs) can potentially play a fundamental role in regulating plant responses to various abiotic stresses and hence, contribute to plant adaptation under adverse environments. The major effects of abiotic stresses are growth and yield disturbance, and both these effects are directly overseen by the PGRs. Different types of PGRs such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), and jasmonates (JAs) are connected to boosting the response of plants to multiple stresses. In contrast, PGRs including cytokinins (CKs), gibberellins (GAs), auxin, and relatively novel PGRs such as strigolactones (SLs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in plant growth and development under normal and stressful environmental conditions. Besides, polyamines and nitric oxide (NO), although not considered as phytohormones, have been included in the current review due to their involvement in the regulation of several plant processes and stress responses. These PGRs are crucial for regulating stress adaptation through the modulates physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes and activation of the defense system, upregulating of transcript levels, transcription factors, metabolism genes, and stress proteins at cellular levels. The current review presents an acumen of the recent progress made on different PGRs to improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress such as heat, drought, salinity, and flood. Moreover, it highlights the research gaps on underlying mechanisms of PGRs biosynthesis under stressed conditions and their potential roles in imparting tolerance against adverse effects of suboptimal growth conditions.Öğe Prospective role of plant growth regulators for tolerance to abiotic stresses(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Sabagh, Ayman E. L.; Hossain, Akbar; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Amanet, Khizer; Mubeen, Muhammad; Nasim, WajidAbiotic stresses (heat, drought, salinity, and heavy metals) are projected to drastically reduce crop yields leading to seriously jeopardizing the food security of increasing population across the globe. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic substances that regulate the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues, and organs. Although the roles of PGRs in improving plant growth and development are well documented, their role in plant stress tolerance is continued to be explored. Among the PGRs, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, nitric oxide, brassinosteroids, strigolactones, and polyamines have got the attention of the researchers as a sustainable source to improve abiotic stress tolerance under changing climate. Recently, numerous advancements have led to identify PGRs effects and to understand how plant growth responses are regulated by PGRs under abiotic stress. Different strategies are being employed to improve plant growth under abiotic conditions; the application of PGRs in crops offers good outcomes. However, it needs more researches and discussions on the said subject. Therefore, this chapter is focused on the stress management and role of PGRs in conferring abiotic stress tolerance under changing climate as it will play a key role to policymakers' food, nutritional, environmental, and economic security for the present and future generation demand. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.Öğe Role of transporters during heavy metals toxicity in plants(CRC Press, 2021) Naz, Misbah; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Okana, Sytar; Disna, Ratnasekera; Hossain, Akbar; Mubeen, Muhammad[No abstract available]Öğe Salinity Stress in Cotton: Adverse Effects, Survival Mechanisms and Management Strategies(CRC Press, 2021) EL Sabagh, Ayman; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Hossain, Akbar; Mubeen, Muhammad; Jabeen, Tasmiya; Waleed, Mirza[No abstract available]
