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    ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF CRATAEGUS MEYERI POJARK LEAVES AND CONTENTS OF VITAMIN, TRACE ELEMENT
    (Soc Chilena Quimica, 2017) Ekin, Suat; Bayramoglu, Mahire; Goktasoglu, Ahmet; Ozgokce, Fevzi; Kiziltas, Hatice
    The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antiradical activities in aqueous and ethanol extracts of Crataegus meyeri Pojark leaf, additionally, to examine some vitamins (A, E, C), trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Cr. Co). In this study, vitamin C, antioxidant and antiradical properties were determined using spectrophotometer. The results are compared with the reference antioxidants such as trolox, alpha-tocopherol and BHT. Levels of vitamin (A, E) measured using HPLC method. Trace elements were carried out using method of dry ashing with ICP-MS. The results of this study showed that C. meyeri leaf has a high antioxidant capacity and vitamin levels. C. meyeri is thought to be used as additives for food products and pharmaceutical industries with appropriate antioxidant properties and an antioxidant in future studies of experimental animal models, against free radicals generated in response to oxidative stress.
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    Antioxidant properties of Ferulago angulata and its hepatoprotective effect against N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced oxidative stress in rats
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Kiziltas, Hatice; Ekin, Suat; Bayramoglu, Mahire; Akbas, Esvet; Oto, Gokhan; Yildirim, Serkan; Ozgokce, Fevzi
    Context: Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. (Apiaceae) (FASB) is used to treat liver diseases and has been used both as food and therapeutics by many cultures for thousands of years because of the natural antioxidant compounds. Objective: This study determines antioxidant properties of FASB flowers, the levels of minerals and vitamins, and also, evaluates the hepatoprotective effect of flowers against N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) induced on liver tissue by assessing antioxidant enzymes and histopathological parameters in Wistar albino rats. Materials and methods: In the study, the rats were divided into six groups of ten. Control, untreated animals were given 0.9% NaCl. Rats were intraperitoneally given NDMA (10 mg/kg) for the first 7 days. FASB methanol extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally for 21 days. Results: a-Tocopherol, retinol, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid contents of FASB were 0.70 +/- 0.13, 0.29 +/- 0.03 mu g/g, 139.32 +/- 7.06 mu g/100 g, 171.61 +/- 6.05 mM ascorbic acid/g, 90.47 +/- 4.11 mg GA/g and 37.39 +/- 2.85 mg QE/g. DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was obtained IC 50 67.34 +/- 4.14 and 64.87 +/- 4.68 mu g/mL, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the study indicated that FASB flowers contain high levels of vitamins, minerals, total antioxidant activity, phenolics and flavonoids. Due to the positive effect on significant changes in antioxidant enzymes of liver tissue and histopathological examination, it is thought that the plant could be used as a hepatoprotective.
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    Antioxidant properties of Rosa pisiformis and its protective effect against isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress in rats
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2016) Bayramoglu, Mahire; Ekin, Suat; Kiziltas, Hatice; Oto, Gokhan; Susen, Ebru Altindal; Ozgokce, Fevzi
    Objective: In this study, Rosa pisiformis was evaluated for its antioxidant activity, vitamin (A, E, C), trace element (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Se) and mineral (Ca, K, Mg, Na) levels, in addition to its cardioprotective effects on cardiac tissue antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, SOD, CAT) during isoproterenol (ISO)-induced oxidative stress. Methods: In the study, vitamin and mineral analysis was carried out using HPLC and ICP-MS method, R. P. antioxidant and antiradical properties were determined using spectrophotometer. Forty wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control (0.9% NaCl), ISO (100 mg/kg), ISO (100 mg/kg) + R. P. (300 mg/kg) and R. P. (300 mg/kg). ISO was injected subcutaneously into rats twice at an interval of 24 h for two consecutive days (on 28(th) and 29(th) day). R. P. fruit administered daily. The experimental period was continued for 30 days. Results: The results of the study indicated that R. P. fruit and leaves contain high levels of minerals and vitamins and possess antioxidant and antiradical activity and its fruits have positive effects on cardiac tissues. The results are supported with significant changes in antioxidant enzyme levels and histopathological examination. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that R. P. fruits in particular can be used to treat and prevent cardiac diseases.
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    Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Two Wild Edible Mushrooms from Turkey
    (Begell House Inc, 2015) Ekin, Suat; Uzun, Yusuf; Demirel, Kenan; Bayramoglu, Mahire; Kiziltas, Hatice
    The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant and antiradical activities in methanol extracts of two edible mushrooms from Turkey, Agaricus urinascens (Jul. Schaff. & F. H. Moller) Singer and Volvopluteus gloiocephala (DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo, as well as to examine trace elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Cd, Pb), minerals (Mg, Ca, K, Na) and vitamin C content. The levels of trace elements and minerals were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Vitamin C and antioxidant properties were measured with a spectrophotometer. According to the results, total antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid contents of A. urinascens and V. gloiocephala were 67.53 +/- 2.54 mM ascorbic acid/g and 31.68 +/- 2.27 mM ascorbic acid/g, 6.88 +/- 0.31 mg GA/g and 5.22 +/- 0.53 mg GA/g, and 3.80 +/- 0.04 mg QE/g and 2.60 +/- 0.20 mg QE/g, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that methanol extract of A. urinascens has a significant antioxidant activity and contents of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, V. gloiocephala contains high levels of Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, and Na, whereas A. urinascens contains higher levels of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn than that of V. gloiocephala. Some trace elements that are in the compound of macrofungi may contribute the antioxidant capacity of macrofungi. A. urinascens has the ability to accumulate some heavy metals that prevent environmental metal pollution and can be used as a biomonitor. A. urinascens is expected to be used as an antioxidant in future studies of experimental animal models, against free radicals generated in response to oxidative stress.
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    Determination of trace element and fatty acid levels in tissues of mirror and scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) living in Keban Dam Reservoir (Elazig)
    (Wiley, 2022) Aydin, Sevinc; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Bengu, Aydin S.; Ekin, Suat; Harlioglu, Ayse G.
    This study investigated the concentrations of some accumulated trace metals (iron, manganese, zinc and copper) and fatty acids in liver and muscle tissues of mirror and scaly carp varieties (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) living in Keban Dam Reservoir (Elazig), which is the second-largest artificial lake in Turkey that hosts commercially valuable and preferred fish varieties for human consumption. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was used to analyse the concentrations of trace elements. Fatty acid levels were measured in a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) device, using a flame ionization detector (FID). Considering the two fish varieties and tissues that were studied, the mean metal concentrations (mu g g(-1)) were found in the following ranges: Fe 12.32-49.97, Mn 0.12-0.62, Zn 10.45-86.59 and Cu 2.74-11.86. Although the lowest levels were detected in the muscle tissue for all the metals examined, the levels in the liver tissue were significantly higher. According to the results of the analyses on fatty acid concentrations, the mean total saturated fatty acid levels in the muscle tissue of the scaly carp and mirror carp varieties were found to be 31.07 and 31.43 (%), respectively, whereas these values for the liver tissue were consecutively 22.36 and 22.08 (%). Successively, the mean total levels of unsaturated fatty acids were determined as 68.93 and 68.40 (%) in the muscle tissue and 77.64 and 77.92 in the liver tissue. This study, with the finding that the trace (metallic) element accumulation rates were below the upper limits of the tolerable range, and the examined fish varieties were rich in fatty acids, shows that mirror carp and scaly carp living in Keban Dam Reservoir are highly nutritious for human diets.
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    Effect Of Astaxanthin On Rat Brains Against Oxidative Stress Induced By Cadmium:Biochemical, Histopathological Evaluation
    (2018) Akkoyun, Hurrem Turan; Bengü, Aydın Şükrü; Ulucan, Aykut; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; Ekin, Suat; Temel, Yusuf; Çiftçi, Mehmet
    Aim of this study is to evaluate protective impact of Astaxanthin (AST) on rats with experimentalbrain injury induced with Cadmium (Cd). 32 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups as Control,Cadmium, Astaxanthin (AST), Cadmium (Cd)+Astaxanthin (AST). Rat brain tissues were obtained at the endof 30th day. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymeactivities were measured in brain homogenates and histopathological examination was performed. MDA levelswere improvement in cadmium administered group (p<0.01) as well as Cd+AST administered group (p<0.05)compared to control group. In addition a substantial reduction Cd+AST group was observed compared to cadmiumadministered group (p<0.01). GSH level shows a decrease in Cd and Cd+AST groups compared to control (p<0.05).SOD enzyme activity was found significantly lower in Cd and Cd+AST groups compared to control (p<0.01). Inaddition, increase of SOD in Cd+AST group compared to cadmium group was also found significant (p<0.05).Histopathological findings in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were different between groups. In the controland AST administered groups, normal histological structure was observed in the brain, while severe lesions wereseen in the Cd administered group and in the Cd+AST group only mild degenerative lesions were observed.As a result, elevated MDA level due to Cd administration was attenuated with AST administration. Decreased GSHlevel and SOD enzyme activity due to Cd administration was increased with AST administration. In addition, ASTadministration decreased histopathological lesions. Consequently, it is thought that AST may be used for protectionagainst brain oxidative damage due to Cd.
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    Effects of Arbutin on Fatty Acid Levels of Erythrocyte and Serum in Wistar Albino Rats Treated with Potassium Bromate
    (Assoc Pharmaceutical Teachers India, 2022) Akkoyun, H. Turan; Aydin, Sevinc; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Ekin, Suat; Erdem, Sinem Aslan
    Background: In the presented study; the Effects of Arbutin (ARB) on the Rat Erythrocyte and serum fatty acid profile which is exposed to potassium bromate (KBrO3) were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were used divided into 4 groups. Groups 1: control, group 2: KBrO3 (single dose 100 mg / kg gavage), group 3: ARB (50 mg / kg / day (ip) for 5 days), group 4: KBrO3 + ARB. At the end of the 5(th) day, alteration of fatty acid profile in erythrocyte and serum of rats in all groups was examined. Results: Rat serum essential fatty acid; palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), erythrocyte major fatty acids; palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), and lignoceric acid (C24:0). In addition, in our studied serum and erythrocytes; Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) varied between 8.91 +/- 0.53- 11.71 +/- 2.55 and 33.71 +/- 2.12- 37.11 +/- 2.12, respectively. It was determined that total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) varied between 5.90 +/- 1.29- 9.96 +/- 1.18 and 14.72 +/- 3.66- 22.13 +/- 4.82, respectively. Conclusion: In our study, alterations in fatty acid contents were observed, and results suggesting that arbutine affects the enzymes involved in Fatty acid metabolism and has an effect on fatty acid amounts.
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    Investigation of Protecting Effect of Boric Acid against Mercury II Chloride Toxicity in Rat Brain Tissue
    (2020) Akkoyun, H. Turan; Bengü, Aydın Şükrü; Ulucan, Aykut; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; İzgi, Mehmet Sait; Şahin, Ömer; Ekin, Suat
    In this study, the protective effects of boric acid (BA) in the prevention of brain damagecaused by mercury II chloride ( HgCl2) in rats were investigated. In the experiment, 24 adult andWistar albino male rats weighing roundly 200-300 g were used. Group I (Control, n=8): Isotonicsaline (i.p), Group II (HgCl2,n=8):(0.01g/kg)(oral), Group III (HgCl2 + (BA) (n:8): HgCl2(0.01g/kg)+ BA (3.25mg/kg/day i.p.) group were administered. The rats in all groups were sacrificed at theend of the 10th day and their brain tissues were taken. Biochemical parameters including theenzyme activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were measured. The enzyme activity of SOD wasreduced in HgCl2 treated group in comparison to the control group (p<0.001). Activity of theenzyme was increased after BA administration (p?0.001). CAT enzyme activity decreased in HgCl2and HgCl2+BA administered groups with control (p?0.001). An increase in enzyme activity in BAgroup with HgCl2 administered group was observed. GSH-Px enzyme activity decreased in HgCl2(p?0.001) and HgCl2+BA (p?0.05) groups with control. However, an increase was found in BAadministered group with HgCl2 administered group (p?0.001). It is thought that antioxidant enzymeactivities such as SOD, CAT and GSH-Px are significantly changed and BA may have a protectiveeffect in the histopathological examination of brain tissue.
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    Nephroprotective effect of Ferulago angulata flowers on N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and its phytochemical profile
    (Wiley, 2019) Ekin, Suat; Kiziltas, Hatice; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Ekin, Hasya Nazli; Yildirim, Serkan; Oto, Gokhan; Akbas, Esvet
    The present study was designed to assess the phytochemical content of Ferulago angulata (FA) and possible in vivo nephroprotective effect of FA administration on trace elements, minerals, MDA and GSH in kidney and liver tissue samples, serum vitamin (alpha-tocopherol, retinol, cholecalciferol, phylloquinone), TSA, and LSA in a rat model of DMN-induced nephrotoxicity. In the study, Wistar albino rats were assigned to six groups: Control (0.9% NaCl), (DMN 10 mg/kg), (FA 150 mg/kg), (DMN + FA 150 mg/kg), (FA 300 mg/kg), and (DMN + FA 300 mg/kg). Rats were intraperitoneally given DMN for the first 7 days. Renal injury caused by DMN was proved by the histopathological alterations. The FA (300 mg/kg) treatment significantly normalized Se, Cr, Ca levels in liver and Co level in kidney tissue samples. These observed positive effects are due to the phytochemical content of the plant. The flower extract of FA (300 mg/kg) can be used for the prevention of kidney damage. Practical applications Ferulago angulata flowers are used in traditional medicine for treat kidney and liver digestive system diseases. This species is endemic taxa of the family Apiaceae, which has been used both as food and therapeutics because of their phytochemical composition. In this study, the phenolic characterization of FA flower was used to a new RP-HPLC method, as well as the biological activity of FA flower and possible in vivo nephroprotective effect of FA flowers on trace elements, minerals, MDA and GSH in kidney and liver tissue samples and vitamins, TSA, and LSA in serum samples a rat model of DMN-induced nephrotoxicity. It was found that high level of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid) present in the flower extract of F. angulata has positive effects and antioxidant properties. Due to its phenolic content, FA flower extract could protect for kidney damage and can be used as antioxidants in the food additive and pharmaceutical industry.
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    Phenolic Contents, Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, and Protective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Rosa Pisiformis Fruits
    (Springer, 2024) Ekin, Suat; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Kiziltas, Hatice; Gok, Hasya Nazli; Oto, Gokhan; Akkoyun, Turan; Ozgokce, Fevzi
    The present study was designed to assess the phytochemical contents as well as the in vitro biological activities fruit of Rosa pisiformis and possible in vivo cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties of the aqueous extract of R. pisiformis fruit on trace elements (cadmium, selenium, nickel, zinc, iron, copper, cobalt, chromium, manganese, lead), minerals (sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium), glutathione and malondialdehyde in heart and liver tissue samples, serum vitamin (retinol, cholecalciferol, phylloquinone, alpha-tocopherol), total sialic acid, and lipid-bound sialic acid in a rat model of isoproterenol-induced oxidative damage. In the study, 40 Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups of ten each: control, isoproterenol 100 mg/kg bodyweight; isoproterenol 100 mg/kg bodyweight; then R. pisiformis 300 mg/kg bodyweight, and R. pisiformis 300 mg/kg bodyweight. Rats were given isoproterenol twice at an interval of 24 h for two days (on days 28 and 29) subcutaneously. The experimental period was maintained at 30 days. According to analysis results, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid were found to be the high contents of the fruit extracts at 6.01 +/- 0.0006 and 3.93 +/- 0.007 mg/100 g dry weight. It showed that R. pisiformis (300 mg/kg bodyweight) aqueous extract had a potent action on oxidative damage. The R. pisiformis (300 mg/kg bodyweight) treatment significantly alleviated toward normalcy on the zinc, manganese, cobalt, magnesium, and sodium values in the heart, and zinc and magnesium values in liver tissue samples. These positive effects may be related to the action of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid present in the R. pisiformis 300 mg/kg and it has hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties that could protect from myocardial damage.
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    Protective Effect of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss on N-nitrosodimethylamine induced oxidative stress in rats
    (2019) Kızıltaş, Hatice; Ekin, Suat; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; Oto, Gökhan; Akbaş, Esvet
    The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss. (FASB) extract on mineral(Ca, K, Na) and trace element (Cu, Zn, Se, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd) levels were determined in rat heart tissue, whichwas oxidatively stressed with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Experimental period was continued with Wistar-Albinorats (n:60) in 21 days. Rats were treated with NDMA (10 mg/kg) in first seven days. FASB plant extract was given to therats each day of the study. The rats were divided into six groups of ten rats each. The mineral and trace element levels ofheart tissue were analyzed by using ICP-OES. The results show that NDMA group was significantly lower results thancontrol group with regarding to Zn, Co and Na levels (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.05). On the other hand the NDMA groupwas also significantly lower results than the FASB (300 mg/kg) group regarding Zn and Co levels (p<0.05 and p<0.05),whereas the FASB (150 mg/kg) group had increased level of Na according to NDMA group (p<0.05). In conclusion, dueto the positive effect on significantly alteration in Zn and Co level of heart tissue, it was suggested that the FASB (150, 3 00mg/kg) can be used in preventing hearth damage.
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    The effect of astaxanthin and cadmium on rat erythrocyte G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and TrxR enzymes activities in vivo and on rat erythrocyte 6PGD enzyme activity in vitro
    (Wiley, 2018) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Bengu, A. Sukru; Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Ekin, Suat; Ciftci, Mehmet
    In this study, the effects of astaxanthin (AST) that belongs to carotenoid family and cadmium (Cd), which is an important heavy metal, on rat erythrocyte G6PD, 6PGD, GR, and TrxR enzyme activities in vivo and on rat erythrocyte 6PGD enzyme activity in vitro were studied. In in vitro studies, 6PGD enzyme was purified from rat erythrocytes with 2',5'-ADP Sepharose4B affinity chromatography. Results showed inhibition of enzyme by Cd at IC50; 346.5 mu M value and increase of 6PGD enzyme activity by AST. In vivo studies showed an increase in G6PD, 6PGD. and GR enzyme activities (P > 0.05) and no chance in TrxR enzyme activity by AST. Cd ion inhibited GbPD, 6PGD, and GR enzyme activities (P < 0.05) and also decreased TrxR enzyme activity (P > 0.05). AST + Cd group G6PD enzyme activity was statistically low compared with control group (P < 0.05). 6PGD and TrxR enzyme activities decreased without statistical significance (P > 0.05); however, GR enzyme activity increased statistically significantly (P < 0.05).
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    The Effect of Rosa Pisiformis (Christ) D.Sosn on Some Metabolic Enzyme Activities in STZ Applied Diabetic Rats
    (2021) Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoğlu; Bengü, A. Şükrü; Temel, Yusuf; Akkoyun, H. Turan; Ekin, Suat; Çiftci, Mehmet
    This study was aimed to study in vivo impacts of Rosa pisiformis (Christ) D.Sosn. (VANF F13827 END.) on some metabolic enzymes (G6PD, 6PGD, GR, TrxR and GST) in Streptozotocin (STZ) applied diabetic rats. 32 male Wistar albino rats divided four groups. Group I: Control, Group II:Streptozotocin, Group III: Rosa pisiformis and Group IV: Streptozotocin+Rosa pisiformis. Experimental study contunied for 30 days and enzyme activities were spectrophotometrically measured. R.p.fruit extract and STZ+R.p. fruit extract administrations increased Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity meaningfully compared to control (p?0.001). 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) enzyme activity reduced in diabetes group compared to control, whereas it increased in R.p. fruit extract and STZ+R.p. fruit administered groups. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity raised in R.p. fruit administered group compared to control group meaningfully (p?0.001). Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity decrease no statistical importance in diabetic rats compared control whereas this activity increased in Rosa pisiformis fruit extract group. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) enzyme activity reduction significantly in STZ group compared to control (p?0.05). As a result, It is thought that the fruits of Rosa pisiformis, which grows as an endemic species belonging to the Rosaceae family, may have a reducing or preventing effect on the 6PGD, TrxR and GST enzyme activities in rats by inhibiting caused by STZ.
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    Theophylline attenuates bleomycin-induced oxidative stress in rats: The role of IL-6, NF-KB, and antioxidant enzymes
    (Univ Sao Paulo, Conjunto Quimicas, 2022) Ekin, Suat; Yildirim, Serkan; Akkoyun, Mahire Bayramoglu; Gok, Hasya Nazli; Arihan, Okan; Oto, Gokhan; Akkoyun, Turan
    The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifibrotic and antioxidant roles of theophylline (Theo), a bioactive compound, in bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Wistar albino rats. Assigned into 4 groups were 32 Wistar albino rats, comprising the control group (administered 0.9% isotonic saline), BLM group (treated with BLM at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg), BLM+Theo group (treated with Theo at a dose of 75 mg/kg + BLM at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg), and Theo group (treated with Theo at a dose of 75 mg/kg). In the BLM group, a significant decrease was observed in the catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities, and reduced glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p < 0.001) were significantly elevated when compared to the control group. However, the MDA levels in the BLM+Theo group were also significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01). Similarly, the GSH levels were significantly higher in the BLM+Theo group than in the BLM group (p < 0.05). The results indicated that Theo reduced the BLM-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappa B) and decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, together with significant amelioration of the immunohistochemical and histopathological architecture in the lung tissues. It was concluded that the administration of Theo had a positive effect on the GSH level, and activation of NF-kappa B and IL-6 expression, which were significant proinflammatory markers in the BLM-treated rats.