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    Enhancing Photosynthetic Efficiency of Crops Through Metabolic Engineering and Nanoformulation
    (Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Chukwuma C. Ogbaga; Habib-Ur-Rehman Athar; Disna Ratnasekera; Hussan Bano; Aneela Kanwal Shahzadi; Misbah Amir; Islam F. Hassan; Godswill Ntsomboh-Ntsefong; Nugun P. Jellason; Jude A. Okolie; Ayman El Sabagh
    Improvements in crop yields have been a challenge for breeders and biotech-nologists, as multiple attributes must be considered simultaneously for successful breeding. These attributes include morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular features. In addition, they are closely associ-ated with the photosynthetic efficiency of crops. In recent years, there has been tremendous advancement in studies on morphological, physiological, and biochemical attributes capable of improving photosynthetic efficiency through manipulation. However, there is limited information on the molecular processes that can similarly affect crops. Furthermore, the use of nanotech-nology for the improvement of crops has been scarcely studied. This chapter presents metabolic engineering as a molecular approach that enhances cell membrane thermostability and photosynthetic efficiency. We also consider nanoformulation as a growing nanotechnology approach. Nanoformulation involves using nanoparticles to deliver abiotic stress tolerance traits capable of improving photosynthetic efficiency. Finally, the analytical platforms used in the metabolic characterization of higher crops, which can be used to assess the metabolic profiles of nanoformulated crops, are discussed. This chapter provides molecular and nanotechnology crop-specific information to enable breeders and biotechnologists to breed successfully.
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    Nano-Silicon-Mediated Abiotic Stress Resistance in Plants: Mechanisms of Stress Mitigation
    (Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Dinoo Gunasekera; Disna Ratnasekera; Basharat Ali; Mohammad Sohidul Islam; Uzma Younis; Sharif Ahmed; Semih Açikbaş; Nizamettin Turan; Seyithan Seydoşoğlu; Ayman El Sabagh
    Silicon (Si) is considered as the second most prevalent element in the Earth’s crust, having functional involvements in ionic homeostasis, water status, photosynthetic pathways, and other physiological processes. Silicon-mediated beneficial effects on plants have been elucidated against biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicon fertilization has been shown to be a significant remedial measure to enhance the growth and yield of many crop plants under stressful environments. Silicon-mediated stress alleviation comprises vital regulatory mechanisms, including prevention from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), osmotic balance, nutrient management, and tolerance to pests and diseases in many plant species. The mechanisms related to mitigating stresses by Si supplementation are associated with the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Such stress-mitigating processes significantly vary with crop species, soil characteristics, and plant and environmental interactions. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of Si involvement and the expression of related genes associated with Si-mediated stress mitigation need to be explored for better understanding. Thus, our attempt in this chapter is to explain the role of Si and nano-silicon (SiNP) in ameliorating biotic and abiotic stresses and their underlying mechanisms.
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    Nanotechnologies: New Opportunities in Agriculture
    (Apple Academic Press, 2025-02-21) Carine Nono Temegne; Annie Stephanie Nana; Emmanuel Youmbi; M. S. Islam; Muhammad Aamir Iqbal; Muhammad Zahid Ihsan; Disna Ratnasekera; Celaluddin Barutcular; Ömer Konuşkan; Ayman El Sabagh
    Exponentially increasing human population and environmental concerns have necessitated exploiting the potential uses of nanotechnologies in agriculture, which can boost agricultural production in a biologically viable, commercially economical, and environmentally sustainable manner. Many countries have used nano-products in the agriculture sector with unprecedented advantages under the current climate change scenario. However, limited knowledge of nano-products on human health and the biosafety of foods needs immediate attention. This chapter synthesizes the present trends and highlights the prospects of nanotechnology in promoting sustainable agriculture through nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanoencapsulation, nanosensors, nanobarcodes, and intelligent distribution systems. The opportunities to use nanoparticles to reduce the damaging effects of agricultural practices on the environment and health, protect crops against pests, improve waste management, optimize food quality and safety, and supply fertilizers in a farming manufacturing system for a viable environment have been objectively elaborated.