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Öğe Alterations in Growth and Yield of Camelina Induced by Different Planting Densities under Water Deficit Stress(Tech Science Press, 2020) Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Ahmad, Zahoor; Ahmad, Rashid; Erman, Murat; Cig, Fatih; El Sabagh, AymanCamelina (Camelina sativa L.) is famous for its oil quality and unique fatty acid pattern. Growth and yield of crops reduced under water deficit conditions. Environmental threat such as drought or water deficit condition is the emerging problem which creates the negative impact on the growth of plants. Based upon the current situation a pot study was performed in rain out-shelter to explore the effect of different plant densities (15, 10 and 5 plants per pot) on growth and seed yield of two camelina genotypes under normal (100% WHC) and water deficit (60% WHC) conditions by using completely randomized design with factorial arrangement having three replicates. Results indicated that individual effects of plant densities and water deficit stress levels considerably influenced the growth and seed yield of camelina but interaction effects did not indicate any significant variation. Maximum values of leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were recorded in P-3 treatment (15 plants per pot). However, maximum values of leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield and yield components were observed in the treatment P-1 (5 plants per pot). Water deficit condition (60% WHC) significantly minimized the growth, seed yield (0.82 g/m(2)) and yield components of camelina genotypes. Both camelina genotypes (611 and 618) did not differ significantly under water deficit conditions.Öğe Biological Nitrogen Fixation: An Analysis of Intoxicating Tribulations from Pesticides for Sustainable Legume Production(Springer Nature, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Ramzan, Musarrat; Bukhari, Muhammad Adnan; Raza, Ali; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Meena, Ram SwaroopA score of pedo-environmental factors serves as limiting elements for the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process in root nodules of leguminous plants. Since the advent of the green revolution, pesticides have been considered indispensable for keeping crop pests below the economic threshold level to ensure sustainable production of field crops for the rapidly increasing world population. However, pesticide application has also been associated with adverse effects on plant growth and development besides causing a detrimental reduction in microbial community dynamics. Rhizobium strains that are host-specific are no exception to this threat and are negatively influenced by different pesticides, especially fungicides, which seriously affect the functioning of the nitrogen (N) fixation process. Pesticides containing different synthetic chemicals affect symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), and consequently, the amount of N fixed. This leads to reliance on crop plants primarily on N available in soil solution. Ultimately, reduced soil fertility leads to deteriorate crop productivity and quality of the produce. The objective of this review has been to synthesize, explore and critically analyze the effects of pesticide applications and their physiological impacts on BNF in legumes for sustainable crop production to strengthen food security for the increasing world population. Our review elucidates that indiscriminate use of agrochemicals could result in an undesirable environment for the healthy survival of symbiotic and symbiotic organisms leading to a corresponding reduction in exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis leading to poor atmospheric N fixation and thus affecting the whole agroecosystems. Therefore, by giving due consideration to the harmful effects of pesticides, farmers’ awareness about the safe usage of agrochemicals might be among the top priorities to conserve the environment besides harmonically preserving living organisms. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe Changing Climate Scenario: Perspectives of Camelina sativa as Low-Input Biofuel and Oilseed Crop(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Ahmad, Muhammad; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Hafeez, Muhammad Bilal; Zulfiqar, Usman; Ahmad, Zahoor; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Raza, AliHigh population shifts and climate change are putting thrust on the food industry, especially edible oil production. Monoculture of high-input crops certainly affects the crop yield and soil health. The import of edible oil is increasing in the major part of the world, putting some burden on the national exchequer of the countries. The current oil crops are unable to meet the deficit to address the problems; a crop with distinct features must be incorporated in the cropping system. [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], a unique profiled biodiesel crop, is famous as gold of pleasure, and its oil is famous as a golden liquid. Camelina oil is an outstanding feedstock for the bio-based industry since its unique composition allows multiple applications. It is a rich source of oil >43%, which comprises a huge amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which accounts for 90%, containing 30-40% of alpha-linolenic acid and 15-25% of linoleic acid. The revival of this unique oilseed crop was based on (a) numerous inherent promising physiognomies, vigorous agronomic characteristics, eye-catching oil profile, genetic continuity with Arabidopsis, and the comfort of genetic remodeling by floral dip; (b) the investment in camelina which is understood as it merits serious considerations as potential biodiesel and oilseed and which shares a big role toward the sustainability along with increasing the diversity and production of plant oils; and (c) a univocal and descriptive portrayal of the different growth stages of camelina which will be used as an important apparatus for agronomy and research. In this review, the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemische Industrie) scale was used to describe the phenological stages. The best use of camelina in the industrial sector as a drop-in product of packing materials, coatings, and adhesions can be achieved by further research to enlarge the camelina market. © The Editor(s) (ifapplicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGY AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF CAMELINA (CAMELINA SATIVA L.) AND CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2020) Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, Riaz; Ahmad, Rashid; Ahmad, Zeeshan; Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Erman, MuratCamelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an alternative oilseed crop having several attractive features making it a potential oilseed crop. To assess the physiology, growth and yield responses of different genotypes of camelina and canola crops under various irrigation regimes two field trials were conducted for consecutive growing seasons in 2013-14 and 2014-15. Randomized complete block design (RCBD with factorial arrangements was adopted. In this experiment two camelina genotypes (Camelina-611 and Camelina-618), and two canola genotypes (Punjab sarsoon and Faisal canola) were used with four levels of irrigations I-0 (two irrigations: 1st at vegetative stage and 2nd at reproductive stage), I-1 (one irrigation at vegetative stage), I-2 (one irrigation at reproductive stage), and I-3 (no irrigation). The results revealed that the maximum values of leaf gas exchange traits, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, leaf water relation, yield and yield components were noted when two irrigations (I-0) were applied and it was followed by one irrigation at vegetative stage (I-1). However, the minimum values of these traits were recorded in water deficit plants that received no irrigation (I-3). Among the genotypes Camelina-618 relatively performed well as compared to other genotypes regarding all the recorded parameters (leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, leaf water relation, yield and yield components) under both well-watered and water stressed conditions.Öğe Enhancing drought tolerance in camelina sativa l. And canola (brassica napus l.) through application of selenium(Pakistan Botanical Society, 2020) Ahmad, Zahoor; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Barutçular, Celaleddin; Alharby, Hesham; Bamagoos, Atif; Kizilgeci, Ferhat; Öztürk, FerhatConsidering the burning issue the present study was undertaken in pot culture at the Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan for enhancing drought tolerance in two oilseed crops (OC) crops camelina (Camelina sativa L.) and canola (Canola napus L.) through improving physiological, biochemical, and antioxidants activity by foliar application of selenium (Se) under drought stress. Two Camelina (i.e., ‘Australian Camelina’ and ‘Canadian Camelina’) and canola genotypes (i.e., ‘AARI Canola’ and ‘UAF Canola’) were used as plant materials during the growing season of 2016. Both Camelina and Canola genotypes were grown under normal (100% FC) and water deficit (drought stress) (40% FC) conditions. Four levels of Se: such as seeds priming with 75?M Se, foliar application of Se at 7.06 ?M and foliar Se in combination with seeds priming (7.06 ?M & 75?M) along with control were applied at the vegetative stage of both OC crops for screening drought tolerant genotypes. All treatments were arranged three times in a randomized complete block design. Both OC crops were grown upto the maturity and data on physiochemical, antioxidants and yield components were recorded during this study. Results of the present study indicated that the physio-biochemical parameters such as WP (water potential), OP (osmotic potential), TP (turgor pressure), proline, TSS (total soluble sugar), TFAA (total free amino acids), TPr (total proteins) and TS (total sugars); and total chlorophyll contents were improved by foliar application Se along with seed priming by Se in both OC crops in both drought stress and non-stress (control) conditions. Similarly, osmoprotectants such as GB (Glycinebetaine), anthocyanin, TPC (total phenolic contents) and flavonoids; as well as antioxidants such as APX (ascorbate peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase) and CAT (catalase) were also showed better enhancement in both OC crops through foliar application in combination with seed priming with Se (7.06 ?M & 75?M) under normal as well as water deficit (drought) conditions. Yield and its components i.e., branches plant-1 (no.), 1000-seed weight (g), seed and biological yield (t ha-1) of both OC crops were increased through foliar application in combination with seed priming by Se (7.06 ?M & 75?M) under drought and non-drought stress conditions. Both camelina and Canola genotypes categorized based on all the above-mentioned parameters under the water deficit (drought stress) condition and foliar application of Se, the genotype ‘Canadian Camelina’ maintained the highest values for all these attributes. Therefore, it is revealed that foliar application in combination with seed priming by Se helps to improve drought tolerance of OC crops and also leads to an increase in the productivity of crops under drought stress. Among the genotypes, ‘Canadian Camelina’ performed the best when seeds of the genotypes were primed with Se in combination with foliar application of Se at the vegetative stage. © 2020, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe Enhancing Drought Tolerance in Wheat through Improving Morpho-Physiological and Antioxidants Activities of Plants by the Supplementation of Foliar Silicon(Tech Science Press, 2020) Ahmad, Zahoor; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Hossain, Akbar; Erman, Murat; Cig, Fatih; Gharib, HanyThe main objective of the research is to assess the role of foliar application of silicon (Si) for enhancing the survival ability of wheat under drought stress through improving its morphology, physicochemical and antioxidants activities. Treatments were five doses of Si at the rate of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM and a control. After completion of seeds germination, pots were divided into four distinct groups at various field capacity (FC) levels, such as 100% FC (well-irrigated condition), 75% FC (slight water deficit), 50% FC (modest water deficit) and 25% FC (severe water deficit stress condition). Foliar application of Si at the rate of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM and a control were given after 30 days of sowing at the tillering stage of wheat. Findings of the present investigation indicated that increasing the level of water deficit stress reduced the morphological parameters (such as root and shoot fresh and dry-biomass weight) and physico-biochemical events ((such as chlorophyll contents by estimating SPAD value), total free amino acid (TFAA), total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP), total proline (TP), CAT (catalase), POD (peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and APX (ascorbate peroxidase)) of wheat; while foliar application of Si at 6 mM at tillering stage enhanced the drought tolerance in wheat by increasing morphology and physiochemical characters under all levels of drought stress. Similarly, antioxidants activities in wheat also enhanced by the application of Si at 6 mM under normal as well as all drought stress levels. Therefore, it may be concluded that foliar application of Si at 6 mM at the tillering stage of wheat is an important indication for increasing the drought tolerance by improving the morphology, physico-biochemical and antioxidants activities in plants under deficit water (drought) conditions.Öğe FOLIAGE APPLIED SILICON AMELIORATES DROUGHT STRESS THROUGH PHYSIO-MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS, OSMOPROTECTANTS AND ANTIOXIDANT METABOLISM OF CAMELINA (Camelina sativa L.) GENOTYPES(Univ Life Sciences Lublin, 2021) Ahmad, Zahoor; Warraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Alharby, Hesham; Bamagoos, Atif; Cig, FatihSilicon (Si) is one of the best plant defense elements against the biotic and abiotic stresses. Camelina plants accumulate Si which serves in protection against drought stress. The present study was conducted to inves-tigate the impact of different doses of foliage applied Si (0, 3, 6 and 9 mM) under water stress (40% field capacity, FC) and non-stress conditions (100% FC) on camelina genotypes (Canadian and Australian). The imposed drought drastically decreased the growth parameters like root-shoot length and plant fresh and dry weight and also had negative impact on the chlorophyll content along with water relation attributes (water potential, osmotic potential and turgor pressure). In contrast, total free amino acids, total soluble proteins, proline and antioxidants such as ascorbic peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were enhanced especially in water stressed Canadian genotype, while osmoprotectants (flavonoids, anthocyanins and glycinebetaine) and phenolics contents were decreased. On the other hand, the foliar application of Si was instrumental in enhancing the growth of camelina by increasing the chlorophyll contents and water relation of stressed and non-stressed plants. Similarly, the biochemical, osmoprotectants and antioxidant metabolism was also improved in camelina stressed plants through the application of foliar Si. In conclusion, foliar application of 6 mM Si at vegetative growth stage played a vital role in alleviating the drastic impact of water stress on camelina growth by improving the water status, chlorophyll content, accumulation of phenolics and osmoprotectants and activating antioxidants. Therefore, the foliar application of Si could be developed as an important biologically viable strategy for boosting the tolerance in camelina plants to water stress conditions.Öğe Foliar Application of Phosphorus Enhances Photosynthesis and Biochemical Characteristics of Maize under Drought Stress(Tech Science Press, 2021) Ahmad, Zahoor; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Rehman, Muhammad Zia ur; Ayub, Muhammad Ashar; Usman, Muhammad; Alharby, Hesham; Bamagoos, AtifWater is essential for the growth period of crops; however, water unavailability badly affects the growth and physiological attributes of crops, which considerably reduced the yield and yield components in crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar phosphorus (P) on morphological, gas exchange, biochemical traits, and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under normal as well as water deficit situations at the Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2014. Two different treatments (control and P @ 8 kg ha(-1)) and four hybrids (Hycorn, 31P41, 65625, and 32B33) of maize were tested by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that the water stress caused a remarkable decline in total soluble protein (9.7%), photosynthetic rate (9.4%) and transpiration rate (13.4%), stomatal conductance (10.2%), and internal CO2 rate (20.4%) comparative to well-watered control. An increase of 37.1%, 36.8%, and 24.5% were recorded for proline, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acid, respectively. However, foliar P application minimized the negative impact of drought by improving plant growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE in maize plants under water stress conditions. Among the hybrids tested, the hybrid 6525 performed better both under stress and non-stress conditions. These outcomes confirmed that the exogenous application of P improved drought stress tolerance by modulating growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE of maize hybrids.Öğe Foliar application of silicon-based nanoparticles improve the adaptability of maize (Zea mays L.) in cadmium contaminated soils(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Ahmed, Sarfraz; Iqbal, Muhammad; Ahmad, Zahoor; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Artyszak, Arkadiusz; Sabagh, Ayman E. L.; Alharby, Hesham F.Heavy metals (HMs) especially cadmium (Cd) absorbed by the roots of crop plants like maize have emerged as one of the most serious threats by causing stunted plant growth along with disturbing the photosynthetic machinery and nutrient homeostasis process. A trial was conducted for inducing Cd stress tolerance in maize by exogenous application of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) using five doses of SiNPs (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ppm) and three levels of Cd (0, 15, and 30 ppm) for maize hybrid (SF-9515). The response variables included morphological traits and biochemical parameters of maize. The results indicated that Cd level of 30 ppm remained the most drastic for maize plants by recording the minimum traits such as shoot length (39.35 cm), shoot fresh weight (9.52 g) and shoot dry weight (3.20 g), leaf pigments such as chlorophyll a (0.55 mg/g FW), chlorophyll b (0.27 mg/g FW), total contents (0.84 mg/g FW), and carotenoid contents (0.19 mu g/g FW). Additionally, the same Cd level disrupted biochemical traits such as TSP (4.85 mg/g FW), TP (252.94 nmol/g FW), TSAA (18.92 mu mol g(-1) FW), TSS (0.85 mg/g FW), and antioxidant activities such as POD (99.39 min(-1) g(-1) FW), CAT (81.58 min(-1) g(-1) FW), APX (2.04 min(-1) g(-1) FW), and SOD (172.79 min(-1) g(-1) FW). However, a higher level of Cd resulted in greater root length (87.63 cm), root fresh weight (16.43 g), and root dry weight (6.14 g) along with higher Cd concentration in the root (2.52 mu g/g(-1)) and shoot (0.48 mu g/g(-1)). The silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) treatment significantly increased all measured attributes of maize. The highest value was noted of all the parameters such as chlorophyll a (0.91 mg/g FW), chlorophyll b (0.57 mg/g FW), total chlorophyll contents (1.48 mg/g FW), total carotenoid contents (0.40 mu g/g FW), TSP (6.12 mg/g FW), TP (384.56 nmol/g FW), TSAA (24.64 mu mol g(-1) FW), TSS (1.87 mg/g FW), POD (166.10 min(-1) g(-1) FW), CAT (149.54 min(-1) g(-1) FW), APX (3.49 min(-1) g(-1) FW), and SOD (225.57 min(-1) g(-1) FW). Based on recorded findings, it might be inferred that higher levels of Cd tend to drastically reduce morpho-physiological traits of maize and foliage-applied silver nanoparticles hold the potential to ameliorate the adverse effect of Cd stress on maize.Öğe Jasmonates and Salicylates: Mechanisms, Transport and Signalling During Abiotic Stress in Plants(Springer-Verlag Berlin, 2021) Hossain, Akbar; Ahmad, Zahoor; Moulik, Debjyoti; Maitra, Sagar; Bhadra, Preetha; Ahmad, Adeel; Garai, SouravPopulation across the globe are increasing at an alarming rate. UN Population Division currently (2020) expects that the world population is now 7.8 billion, which will be reached 10.9 billion (the median line) at the end of the twenty-first century. To meet the food demand of increasing population cereal equivalent food demand needs to be increased by about 10,094 million tons by the year 2030 and 14,886 million tons in 2050. At the same time, climate change will impact on agricultural productivity, as a result of the extreme events of abiotic stresses. For example, on an average, about 50% yield losses of several crops are occurred mostly due to high temperature (20%), low temperature (7%), salinity (10%), drought (9%) and other abiotic stresses (4%). Other earlier studies, estimated that a large enhancement of biomass and grain yield loss (83% on average) of wheat was observed when salinity was combined with drought stress. Global wheat production is estimated to fall by 6% for each degrees C temperature increase further and will be become more variable over space and time. To alleviate the antagonistic effect of abiotic stresses, generally, plants take numerous adaptive mechanisms. Among them, several phytohormones play an important role in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The chapter discussed the role of phytohormones, particularly biosynthesis, transport and signalling mechanisms of jasmonates and salicylates during abiotic stress tolerance in plants.Öğe Physiological Mechanisms of Plants Involved in Phosphorus Nutrition and Deficiency Management(CRC Press, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutçula, Celaleddin; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, Adeel; Ayub, Muhammad Ashar; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Iqbal, Muhammad AamirNutrients play an important role for the better growth and production of the field crops. In fulfilling the requirements of food along with the globe, through an improvement in crop productivity, balanced nutrition plays a vital role. Food crops require phosphorus (P) as a macronutrient for several functions like transfer of energy, cell division, and storage. Phosphorus improves forage, fiber, root growth, and grain yield. It not only strengthens stalk but also improves the early maturity of plants. In resistance against cold injury and root rot disease, P plays its role. Phosphorus is also crucial for cell differentiation and energy transactions. In the plant body, as a part of nucleic acids, phosphor-proteins, and phospholipids, P is a critical constituent of plant cells. The deficiency of P creates a negative impact on the morphology as well as the physiological process of the plants. Many researchers worked on the enhancement of crop productivity and assessed the role of P in plants. This chapter elaborated on three critical aspects of phosphorus; first is the P uses and role in crop plants while the second is the physiological mechanism of P in the plant. The third section discussed the management of P deficiency or toxicity in plants. © 2022 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.Öğe Pod shattering in canola reduced by mitigating drought stress through silicon application and molecular approaches-A review(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Rehman, Muhammad Zia Ur; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Afzal, Muhammad; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, AdeelClimate change has become a serious threat all over the world, which creates a negative impact on the growth, physiology and yield attributes of the crops. Drought stress is one of the major causes of climate change that contributes more to the reduction of yield of crops and its physiological aspects (i.e., stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, plant canopy temperature, membrane thermal stability index, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence). Pod shattering negatively affects the yield of canola under drought stress conditions. The control of shattering, caused by drought, has been difficult due to the lack of resistant cultivars. Drought at any stage of canola, either vegetative or reproductive, badly affects the canola crops in terms of growth, physiology, pod development and its shattering, which results in the reduction of yield. To overcome the pod shattering and its development, the Si plays an important role, which provides the strength to the pod when it was applied with their proper amount and proper time. Si is the beneficial element which helps in improving the growth and physiology of crop under drought stress conditions. Si helps for reducing the pod shattering in canola and improving its yield by mitigating the adverse effect of drought on canola. Molecular approaches also help to provide resistance in canola against pod shattering and improve its yield under drought stress conditions. Current review highlights the role of Si and current molecular developments to deal with constraints in pod development and it's shattering under drought stress.Öğe Silicon Mitigates the Adverse Effect of Drought in Canola (Brassica napusl.) Through Promoting the Physiological and Antioxidants Activity(Springer, 2021) Bukhari, Muhammad Adnan; Sharif, Muhammad Shahzad; Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Afzal, Muhammad; Hossain, Akbar; EL Sabagh, AymanDrought is the major limiting factor for crops which reduces the growth and ultimately yield. However, silicon (Si) is considered one of the important elements for ameliorating adverse effect of abiotic stresses including drought also. To re-establish the previous evidence of Si, an experiment was carried out in a wire-house under pot-culture, where canola plants were grown under normal conditions (100% field capacity) and water deficit condition (40% field capacity). To know the ameliorative effect of silicon on drought-induced canola plants through promoting the physiological, growth, biochemical, and yield attributes of canola (Brassica napusL.); exogenous application of Si was done by two different methods i.e., through seed treatment (priming) before sowing and foliar spray at vegetative stage. For priming, seeds of canola were dipped for six hours in a 5 mM Si solution, whereas for foliar spray, three different levels of Si i.e., 2, 4 and 6 mM Si solution were applied at vegetative stage (after 40 days of seed emergence). Drought stress caused a substantial decrease in the parameters of water relations, and the uptake of various nutrients in canola plants. However, the application of Si significantly improved plants' ability to withstand the drought stress through enhancing the uptake of Si in plants and also enhanced the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Data on, water potential, leaf water contents ratio and leaf pigments, (for example, chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, total chlorophyll, carotenoids), was positively influenced by applying Si under water deficit stress. Similarly, agronomic parameters such as seeds pod(-1), seed weight and seed yield were also enhanced as a result of the Si application under drought condition. Among these application methods of Si, the foliar spray has been found more effective for alleviating the adverse effects of water deficit stress on canola plants. Therefore, the results of the present study revealed that foliar application of Si at the vegetative stage may be useful for ameliorating the adverse effect of drought; since Si promoted to maintain turgor pressure, antioxidants activity in plants and also improved the nutrient accumulation both under water stress and control condition.
