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    A case of vaginal hyperplasia occurred the last trimester of pregnancy in a Kangal bitch
    (Ankara Univ Press, 2021) Safak, Tarik; Yilmaz, Oznur; Ercan, Kerem; Yuksel, Burak Fatih; Ocal, Halis
    Vaginal hyperplasia is characterized clinically as the protrusion of edematous hyperplastic mucosa tissue through the vulvar lips. Generally, it is formed during the proestrus and estrus periods in dogs. In this case report, 12 months old, pregnant Kangal breed dog with a mass in the vagina was presented with pre and postoperative findings. The bitch without any genital problems at pro/estrus stages was mated about two months ago. During the clinical examination, it was detected that bitch was in the second stage of labor and had type III vaginal hyperplasia. After the delivery of nine puppies without complication, the bitch was placed under general anesthesia and the hyperplasic tissue was removed surgically. Although no hyperplasia history at pro/estrus stages of the bitch, the fact that vaginal hyperplasia was observed in the last trimester of pregnancy is remarkable. Interestingly, this hyperplastic mass did not cause dystocia during all the puppies' delivery in this case. In conclusion, in pregnant dogs, routine genital exams should be performed once at least until parturition to control vaginal structural integrity.
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    A novel approach in the prevention of mastitis: electrical teat dipping
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2022) Risvanli, Ali; Safak, Tarik; Yilmaz, Oznur; Yuksel, Burak; Saat, Nevzat; Tanyeri, Burak
    Teat dipping is widely used in dairy cattle, especially to protect against contagious mastitis. Here we determine the effect of the device called 'Electrical Teat Dipping' (ETD), which was developed by combining teat dipping application and electrical field stimulation technique on teats. For this purpose, the front teats of 100 Holstein breed milking cows were evaluated in two groups, with ETD being applied once to the left front teat of these cows, and conventional teat dipping (CTD) being applied once to the right front teat, both after milking. Ultrasonographic measurements of the teats were made before milking and after teat dipping. We found that the width of the teat canal (1.88 +/- 0.07 mm) in the teat using ETD was narrower after the application compared to those with CTD (2.28 +/- 0.05 mm). Based on our findings, we conclude that the effects of ETD on the teat are very positive and can potentially be used as a new approach in the preventative control of mastitis in cows.
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    Comparison of bacterial profile and antibiotic susceptibility isolated from surgical site after ventral midline and lateral flank approaches of ovariohysterectomy in queens and bitches
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Bilen, Ebru Karakaya; Demirbilek, Serpil Kahya; Yilmaz, Oznur; Karadag, Muhammet Ali; Aner, Havva
    The aim of the study was to identify the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility from surgical site cultures in queens and bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy via ventral midline and lateral flank approaches. Healthy 22 queens and 21 bitches were assigned randomly either ventral midline or lateral flank approach for routine ovariohysterectomy. Surgical site samples were collected before the surgery and on the 1st, 2 nd,and 3 rd days after the surgery for microbiological analysis. A total of 70 different strains were isolated from 50 (29%) of 172 samples. In both queens and bitches the total number of bacteria isolated from the midline approach (n = 50) was found to be higher than in the flank approach (n = 20). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) (38.5%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (10%) and Staphylococcus lentus (8.5%). Of the isolated Staphylococcus spp. strains were positive 64% for beta-lactam resistance while 52% of that strains were also methicillin-resistant. Multidrug resistance to methicillin, beta-lactamase, and clindamycin was determined in two Staphylococcus spp. isolates. A high level of streptomycin resistance was observed in three Enterococcus faecium isolates. Overall, this study revealed that choosing the surgical site for ovariohysterectomy affected the bacterial profile and more than half of the isolates were resistant to antimicrobials. Thus, the lateral flank approach might be better than the ventral midline approach to prevent possible complications such as a surgical site infection in queens and bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
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    Effect of Calf Delivery Mode on Irisin, Asprosin, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Levels in Dairy Cattle and their Calves
    (Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2023) Kizil, Meltem; Risvanli, Ali; Abay, Murat; Safak, Tarik; Kilinc, Mehmet Akif; Yilmaz, Oznur; Yuksel, Burak Fatih
    In recent years, the investigation of peptide and protein-structured hormones in biological fluids has become one of the most striking issues. The aim of this study was to determine irisin, asprosin, leptin, adiponectin, and IGF-1 levels in cows and calves after calving according to the mode of delivery. The study was carried out with 20 Holstein cows and 20 calves born from these cows. Blood samples were taken from cows and calves in all groups during birth, after drinking colostrum from calves and on the 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days after birth in 10 ml tubes. The levels of the aforementioned molecules in these blood samples were determined by ELISA method. Feeding with colostrum led to a decrease in the irisin levels in the dystocia and cesarean section groups and in the IGF-1 levels in the vaginal delivery group, but it did not lead to any other significant changes. The irisin levels of the calves in the vaginal delivery group were compared to those in the other groups, and their levels were found to decrease on the 15th day, and IGF-1 levels were higher on the 15th day. As a result, it was revealed that there were significant changes in the levels of these molecules in the umbilical cord and blood serum of cows and calves depending on the mode of delivery.
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    Efficacy of a novel veterinary argon plasma coagulation device in treating teat canal stenosis
    (Sivar-Soc Italiana Veterinari Animali Reddito, 2023) Saat, Nevzat; Risvanli, Ali; Dogan, Halef; Safak, Tarik; Yilmaz, Oznur; Yuksel, Burak; Kilinc, M. Akif
    Teat canal stenosis is a significant factor that impedes milking and can lead to cows being unable to rear. Because the methods applied in the treatment of teat canal stenosis are mostly unsuccessful, animals with the disease are usually removed from breeding. In this case, it causes great damage to the livestock economy in the world. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the veterinary argon plasma coagulation device, a newly developed treatment for teat canal stenosis. A two-stage study was conducted for this purpose. In the first stage, as a material, 30 teats from 30 cows of varying ages and breeds were selected. The cows were randomly divided into three groups. The first group (n=10) underwent closed operations using instruments such as occult mammary scalpels, papillomas, and udder probes, depending on the severity and condition of their teat stenosis. The second group (n=10) received a preparation containing 8 mg chemotrypsin, 8 mg trypsin, 4 mg papain, 100,000 IU retinol palmitate, and 120 mg tocopherol acetate per ml without any operation. The preparation, containing 4 mg chemotrypsin, 4 mg trypsin, and 10 mg papain in each ml, was administered intramammary three times at 12-hour intervals once a day at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg intramuscularly for three days. The third group (n=10) received veterinary argon plasma coagulation device through the teat canal. In the second stage, veterinary argon plasma coagulation device was utilized to treat 104 stenosed teat canals. Based on the findings, the group in which veterinary argon plasma coagulation device was applied exhibited the best recovery rate (90%) at the end of the third week in the study's first phase. In the study's second phase, 89.42% of the nipples treated with veterinary argon plasma coagulation device were completely healed. In both stages of the study, it was established that the recovery criteria could not be detected as stenosis and that the milk flow was continuous due to weekly ultrasonographic and clinical examinations. Therefore, it can be concluded that the newly developed veterinary argon plasma coagulation device is a portable device that can be used to treat teat canal stenosis.
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    Evaluation of the portio vaginalis of the cervix by B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasound in Simmental cattle
    (Veterinarni A Farmaceuticka Univerzita Brno, 2022) Risvanli, Ali; Safak, Tarik; Yilmaz, Oznur; Yuksel, Burak; Kilinc, Mehmet Akif; Seker, Ibrahim
    This study was aimed to reveal the relationship between the B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography features of the portio vaginalis of the cervix in Simmental cattle with different physiological and pathological conditions of genital organs. For this purpose, 90 cattle were used in the study. The length, width and circumference of the portio vaginalis of the cervix were measured ultrasonographically using a 5 MHz linear probe. In addition, the portio vaginalis of the cervix was ultrasonographically evaluated in terms of echogenicity, cystic formations, calcification and integrity of its borders. Regarding the colour Doppler ultrasonography, measurements of the vascular distribution category, vascular density and the vascular morphological appearance were made. In this study, it was found that the rate of irregularity of the border of the portio vaginalis in B-mode ultrasonography according to the pregnancy status was 10.9% in non-pregnant cows, while this was not observed in pregnant cows (0.0%). According to the metritis status, it was observed that the rate of regularity of the border of the portio vaginalis was higher in animals with metritis (45.5%) in B-mode ultrasonography. As a result, it was concluded that there were significant changes in the B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonography characteristics of the portio vaginalis of the cervix in different physiological and pathological conditions in cattle, and that hypotheses can be developed regarding the fertility of the animals by evaluating these characteristics.
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    Mixed Bacteriological Isolation Percentages from the Uterus of Cows Slaughtered due to Infertility
    (Centre Excellence Molecular Biology-Cemb, 2022) Risvanli, Ali; Kalender, Hakan; Safak, Tarik; Yuksel, Burak Fatih; Karagulle, Burcu; Yilmaz, Oznur; Kilinc, Mehmet Akif
    Background: Intrauterine mixed infections are an important problem in cattle breeding. In this study, we aimed to determine the mixed bacteriological isolation rates from the uterus of cows with clinical metritis and to reveal the relationships between the bacteria that isolated together.Methods: For this purpose, sterile swabs were taken from 490 uterus obtained from cattle slaughtered due to infertility in three slaughterhouses and used them to perform microbiological tests. After evaluating the data, it was determined that the bacterial isolation rate from uterus with clinical metritis was 76.14% (n = 268). Results: The rates for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 bacteria isolated from the uterus with clinical metritis were 48.13%, 33.96%, 15.30%, 2.24%, and 0.37%, respectively. The isolation rates for Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Escherichia coli alone from the uterus with clinical metritis were 27.08%, 28.00%, and 16.51%, respectively. In uterus with clinical metritis, Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%) was the most commonly isolated bacteria with T. pyogenes, Clostridium spp. (16%) co-isolated with F. necrophorum, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.51%) and Bacillus spp. (16.51%) were detected with E. coli.Conclusion: As a result, it was concluded that when evaluating the microbiological results for cows with clinical metritis, mixed infections should be taken into more consideration, and the characteristics of the bacteria that isolate together should be considered during the treatment of mixed infections.
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    Serum biochemistry and hematological profile of a cat with three mummified fetuses
    (Univ Cordoba, 2023) Safak, Tarik; Yilmaz, Oznur
    Serum biochemistry and hematological values are used to determine the outcome of diseases in both animals and humans. In the presented scientific report, hematological and biochemical findings were defined in the cat, which was shaped as three mummified fetuses. A 12-month-old cat, which was mated 38 days ago, was brought to the Kastamonu University Veterinary Faculty Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic with complaints of vomiting, anorexia, and polydipsia. After the preliminary clinical examination, it was observed in the ultrasonographic examination that the fetus had no heartbeat and the hyperechoic areas increased. The mummified fetus was diagnosed. Fetal mummification is occasional in cats and has been reported. Blood samples were taken for serum biochemistry and hematological analysis. Considering that serum biochemistry and hematological analyzes are important in cases of mummified fetuses in cats, this case report is presented. However, both hematological and biochemical parameters were within the reference ranges. Ovariohysterectomy was performed under general anesthesia. Seven days after the surgery, the wound from the operation was completely healed.
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    The effects of novel electrical teat dipping on some mastitis parameters in dairy herds
    (Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2023) Safak, Tarik; Risvanli, Ali; Yilmaz, Oznur; Yuksel, Burak; Saat, Nevzat; Tanyeri, Burak
    Electrical teat dipping (ETD) is a novel, patented method developed by the authors to control mastitis in dairy cows. Here we evaluate the efficacy of ETD in reducing the incidence of clinical mastitis and bulk tank milk somatic cell count (BTMSCC) on three dairy farms over 6 months. ETD was applied for morning and evening milking on three farms, while conventional teat dipping (CTD) was applied on the other three farms. The number of animals and quarters with clinical mastitis and monthly BTMSCC measurements were recorded. We found that the incidence of clinical mastitis was lower on farms using ETD than those using CTD. However, the BTMSCC did not significantly change throughout the study. Based on these findings, we conclude that ETD effectively reduces mastitis rates on dairy farms.
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    The relationship between Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization and milk composition in the postnatal period in Kyrgyz mares and foals
    (Wiley, 2023) Istanbullugil, Fatih R.; Risvanli, Ali; Salikov, Ruslan; Bayraktar, Metin; Kadiraliyeva, Nariste; Zhunushova, Aidai; Yilmaz, Oznur
    Immune compatibility between mare and foal is one of the important topics of reproductive immunology. At this point, although there are many studies on antibodies, there are not many publications on the relationship between the cytokine levels of mare, foal and milk and the effects of milk composition on this relationship. Here we investigate the relationship between Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and milk composition in Kyrgyz mares and foals. Samples were taken soon after the foal was born and on days 5, 10 and 20 after birth. Th1 (IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokine levels in blood samples were measured using a commercial ELISA kit. Dry matter, fat, protein and non-fat dry matter ratios were determined in the mare's milk and colostrum. We detected no Th1/Th2 polarization in the mare's milk on the day of the foal's birth (day 0) and day 10, but there was Th1 polarization on day 5 and Th2 cytokine polarization on day 20. There was no polarization in the blood sera of the mares on days 0, 5, and 10, and Th1 cytokine polarization was also detected on day 20. We detected no Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization in the blood sera of the foals on any of the days. Dry matter (19.66 +/- 0.39%), protein (16.56 +/- 0.18%), fat (2.13 +/- 0.17), and non-fat dry matter (17.59 +/- 0.44%) were higher in colostrum than the other days. When the correlations between cytokine levels in milk samples and milk composition were examined, there was a positive correlation between IL-5 level and protein ratio on day 10. We detected a positive correlation between IL-2 level and the fat rate on day 20. There was a positive correlation between the IL-2 level and the non-fat dry matter ratio on day 20. Further studies are now needed to determine the relationship between the changes in the composition of mare's milk in the postnatal period and Th1/Th2 cytokine polarization in mares and foals at the time of birth and in the postnatal period. Our finding that protein and fat ratios in mare's milk in the postnatal period are positively correlated with IL-2 levels should be considered in terms of foal and human nutrition.