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Öğe A Cut Flower Cultivation under Saline Conditions: C. morifolium Ramat ‘Bacardi’(HARD Publishing Company, 2022) Yasemin, Sara; Köksal, Nezihe; Ansari, Bahereh KarimiChrysanthemum which belongs to Asteraceae is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Bacardi’, a species of this genus, is a very important cut flower used as spray chrysanthemum. Salinity in soil and water is one of the major problems which affect the ornamental aspects and plant growth. It was aimed to determine the effects of salinity on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Bacardi’ by analyzing plant growth, flower characters and some physiological traits in this study. Plants were irrigated with seven different levels of salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mM NaCl) for 75 days with 3 days intervals in pots under greenhouse conditions. The effects of salinity stress on diameter of flower and disc floret, number of bud and flowers, fresh and dry weights of flower, shoot height, shoot fresh and dry weights, stem diameter, lateral shoot (branch) length and number, inter-node length, relative growth rates, loss of turgidity and ion leakage were investigated in this study. Consequently, flower and disc floret diameters, number of flowers, shoot height, shoot and flower fresh and dry weights, stem diameter, branch length and number, inter-node length were drastically decreased, as the salinity increased, especially after 200 mM. On the other hand, ion leakage significantly increased when salt concentrations increased. According to the results, C. morifolium Ramat ‘Bacardi’ is moderately tolerant cultivar and should not be cultivated as a cut flower up to 150 mM NaCl (highly saline) conditions. © 2022, HARD Publishing Company. All rights reserved.Öğe A Review on Flower Bulb Micropropagation: Challenges and Opportunities(Mdpi, 2024) Yasemin, Sara; Beruto, MargheritaThis comprehensive review scrutinizes tissue culture and micropropagation methodologies in geophytes, focusing on bulbous plants. The examination encompasses key stages, including somatic embryogenesis, bulb growth, dormancy breaking, and planting. Studies underscore the pivotal role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in plant regeneration and bulb growth. Bioreactor systems for healthy plant regeneration, rooting methods, acclimatization strategies, and considerations for ex vitro survival are elucidated. The review also delves into somaclonal variation dynamics and acknowledges the burgeoning field of gene editing, particularly Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) studies, as a promising avenue for enhancing valuable compound content in geophytes. In addition to addressing challenges in flower bulb micropropagation, this review briefly highlights emerging opportunities, including the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize culture conditions, predict growth parameters, and enhance efficiency in bulb production. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of a multifaceted approach integrating biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology to address existing challenges and improve tissue culture protocols for diverse geophyte species. This review article also intends to highlight how tissue culture techniques could contribute to the development and valorization of flower bulbs in today's scenario of the ornamental industry.Öğe Benchmarking of the Effects of Salinity on Antioxidant Enzymes Activities, Lipid Peroxidation and H2O2 Levels in the Leaves of Two Zinnia Species(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2021) Yasemin, Sara; Deger, Aysin Guzel; Cevik, Sertan; Koksal, NeziheIn this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of salinity, which is an important environmental problem, in the cultivation of ornamental plants (such as zinnia) and irrigation with high salt water, especially on the antioxidant defense mechanism. For this purpose, the two Zinnia species were irrigated by different concentrations of saline water (50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl); effects of salinity on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) lipid peroxidation (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the leaves were determined. The results showed that salinity conspicuously increased SOD, CAT, GR, H2O2 and MDA content at two Zinnia species compared to the control groups. It was found that SOD and CAT enzyme activities increased remarkably with 150 mM NaCl in both Zinnia species, but decreased with 200 mM NaCl.The highest GR enzyme activity was observed in 200 mM salt concentration at Zinnia marylandica 'Double Zahara Fire Improved'. MDA and H2O2 levels were observed higher in Zinnia elegans 'Zinnita Scarlet'.To conclude; it may be said that these two Zinnia varieties can tolerate salt concentration up to 150 mM.Öğe Comparative Analysis of Morphological, Physiological, Anatomic and Biochemical Responses in Relatively Sensitive Zinnia elegans 'Zinnita Scarlet' and Relatively Tolerant Zinnia marylandica 'Double Zahara Fire Improved' under Saline Conditions(Mdpi, 2023) Yasemin, Sara; Koksal, NeziheSalinity is one of the major abiotic stresses in plants. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of salinity on relatively sensitive Zinnia elegans Jacq. 'Zinnita Scarlet' and relatively tolerant Zinnia marylandica D.M. Spooner et al. 'Double Zahara Fire Improved' through a comparative analysis of morphological, physiological, anatomic, and biochemical traits. Plants were irrigated at five levels of salt concentrations (0 [control], 50, 100, 150, 200 mM NaCl) for three weeks at one-day intervals in pots under greenhouse conditions. The effects of salinity stress on plant growth parameters, ion leakage, the loss of turgidity, minimum fluorescence (F-O'), plant nutrient elements, leaf anatomic parameters, stoma response to the application of light and abscisic acid perfusion, proline content, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content were investigated. Differences in the stages and levels of plant response in the relatively sensitive and relatively tolerant cultivar were determined. Proline accumulation appeared to be higher in Double Zahara Fire Improved (D.Za.F.I.) than Zinnita Scarlet (Zi.S.) in the low concentration of salinity. After the application of abscsic acid perfusion to intact leaf surfaces, the stomata of the relatively tolerant cultivar D.Za.F.I. closed earlier (7 min) than Zi.S. (29 min). Ion leakage (32.3%) and Na accumulation (0.9%) in the aerial parts increased dramatically for Zi.S in the 50 mM NaCl treatment. Moreover, values of plant growth parameters, minimum fluorescence (F-O'), photosynthetic pigments, and plant nutrient elements all showed a greater decreasing percentage in Zi.S. compared to D.Za.F.I. Stomatal densities for both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf decreased in parallel with the increase in salt stress. Palisade parenchyma cell height and leaf thickness values decreased in Zi.S. as salinity increased. In D.Za.F.I., leaf thickness increased by up to 100 mM NaCl while the height of palisade parenchyma cells decreased under high salt stress conditions (100 mM and above). Recommendations for future research include molecular-level evaluations and the study of how to increase salt tolerance in these potentially valuable ornamental cultivars.Öğe Effectiveness of manganese foliar spraying to mitigate salt stress in ornamental cabbage: Insights into morphological, physiological biochemical adaptations and mTERF gene responses(Elsevier, 2024) Altintas, Serdar; Yasemin, Sara; Catkin, Sedriye; Inal, BehcetSalinity has been the subject of research for many years. However, salt stress studies on ornamental plants have increased recently. It is very important to determine the responses of bedding flowers, which are widely used in landscaping, to salt stress, and to strengthen the defense against stress. Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleareacea L.) is widely used bedding flower in winter. The aim of this study was determining the effects of foliar application of manganese (Mn) on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular parameters in ornamental cabbage ('Pigeon Purple F10) 0 ) under salt stress. Plants were irrigated with 4 different irrigation solutions which containing 0 [control], 75, 150 and 300 mM NaCl concentrations and Mn (4000 ppm) was sprayed to the leaves on 0, 7th and 14th days of the salt stress application. The application of manganese did alleviate the negative effects of salinity on shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight in 75 mM NaCl plants. Ion leakage for 0 and 75 mM NaCl decreased with foliar spraying of Mn, but relative water content of plants did not change with Mn application. Lipid peroxidation (7.6 %) and H2O2 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide) (21.3 %) contents increased with Mn foliar spraying. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase activity did not change with Mn application under salinity. The highest catalase activity obtained from 150 mM (13.81 Unit g- 1 leaf) and 300 mM NaCl (16.00 Unit g- 1 leaf) which treated with Mn. Root Na content was lower with Mntreated plants when compared control plants under salt stress. Foliar spraying of Mn significantly increased the K content of the plants. Furthermore, Na/K and Na/Ca ratios which are important indicators for salt stress also decreased by Mn application under saline conditions. In addition, m TERF genes were measured by using the q-RT PCR. In most cases, mTERF expression was slightly induced by salinity, while manganese application generally led to downregulation of mTERFs. (c) 2024 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Indirect organogenesis and in vitro bulb formation of Pancratium maritimum(Springer, 2023) Yasemin, Sara; Koksal, Nezihe; Buyukalaca, SaadetSea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum L.), which belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family, grows in sandy areas along coastal regions and its population is at risk due to the exploitation of its natural resources for medicinal purposes, tourism, and urbanization. Micropropagation is employed to conserve and sustain endangered plant species like P. maritimum. In this investigation, different types of explants (leaf, root, and mature zygotic embryos) from P. maritimum were cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1, 2, 4 mg l(-1)) and 6-Benzyladenine (BA) (0 and 1 mg l(-1)) for callus induction. The callus formation rate, callus growth rate, embryogenic callus rate, and callus type were evaluated. The induced calli were further tested for shoot formation on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg l(-1) BA and 0.2 and 0.5 mg l(-1) 2,4-D. The results showed that the highest callus induction was achieved using zygotic embryo explants and the medium containing both 2,4-D and BA. Successful shoot formation from callus was determined using both MS media supplemented with 2 mg l(-1) BA and 0.5 or 0.2 mg l(-1) 2,4-D, with a success rate of 90%. To induce in vitro bulb formation of P. maritimum plantlets, MS medium containing varying concentrations of sucrose (20, 40, and 80 g l(-1)), BA (0, 1, and 2 mg l(-1)), and 2,4-D (0, 0.1, and 0.2 mg l(-1)) was utilized. The bulb formation rate of P. maritimum was successful in all growth media, ranging from 60 to 82%. The diameter of the bulb was found to increase with higher sucrose concentration (80 g l(-1)) in the growth medium. The impact of plant growth regulators on bulb weight was more pronounced in nutrient medium containing low sucrose concentration (20 g l(-1)). Efficient protocols for embryogenic callus induction, organogenesis, regeneration, bulb formation, and acclimatization were developed for P. maritimum, providing valuable insights for future studies. Key messagePancratium maritimum is an endangered plant with medicinal and decorative value. We have successfully developed a comprehensive protocol for its micropropagation, including callus induction, regeneration, bulb formation, and acclimatization.Öğe Kadife (Tagetes erecta) Bitkisinde Gün Uzunluğunun Büyüme ve Çiçeklenme Üzerine Etkisi(2017) Köksal, Nezihe; Yasemin, Sara; Özkaya, AslıhanFotoperiyodizm, mevsimlik çiçeklerde çiçeklenme zamanını kontrol etmek için kullanılabilecek bir özelliktir. Kadife, mutlak veya fakültatif kısa gün ve nötr gün çeşitleri içeren bir yazlık mevsimlik çiçek türüdür. Aşırı sıcak ve uzun günlerin yaşandığı yaz aylarında nötr gün çeşitlerinde bile çiçeklenmede gecikmeler yaşanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada iki farklı nötr gün kadife çeşidinde (Discovery Orange ve Discovery Yellow) fotoperyodik koşulların (kısa gün ve uzun gün) çiçeklenme ve bitki gelişimi özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Uzun gün koşulu (14 saat) olarak doğal gün uzunluğundan yararlanılmıştır. Kısa gün koşulu (8 saat) ise karartma yapılarak yapay olarak oluşturulmuştur. Bitkilerde ilk çiçek tomurcuğu oluşma süresi, ilk çiçek açma süresi, bitki taç yüksekliği, bitki taç genişliği, yan dal sayısı, çiçek sayısı, ana çiçek sapı uzunluğu, çiçek sapı kalınlığı, kök boğazı kalınlığı, gövde kalınlığı ve bitkisel kuru ağırlıklar (kök, yeşil aksam ve tüm bitki) incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda kısa gün koşulunun, ilk tomurcuk oluşma ve ilk çiçek açma sürelerini azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Yapay olarak yaratılan kısa gün koşulu, uzun gün koşuluna göre çiçeklenme süresinde 'Discovery Orange' çeşidinde 13 gün, 'Discovery Yellow' çeşidinde ise 5 günlük bir erkencilik sağlamıştır.Öğe SÜS BİTKİSİ OLARAK ÇİLEK YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE SAKSI BOYUTLARININ ETKİSİ(2017) Köksal, Nezihe; Kafkas, Nesibe Ebru; Özkaya, Aslıhan; Yasemin, SaraGünümüzde insanlar, gündelik hayatlarını daha yaşanabilir kılmak için, evlerin içinde ve balkon, teras gibi açık mekânlarda saksı içerisinde bitki yetiştirmeye yönelmektedir. Özellikle alışılagelmiş süs bitkilerinden farklı bitki türlerinin değişik ve estetik şekillerde sunulması ilgiyi artırmaktadır. Çilek (Fragaria × ananassa L.) fonksiyonel ve estetik açıdan saksılı süs bitkisi olarak değerlendirilemeye aday bir bitkidir. Bu çalışmada 'Albion' ve 'Sweet Charlie' çilek çeşitlerine ait bitkiler, piyasada yaygın olarak bulunan, üç farklı boyuttaki dekoratif saksılar (S0, S1 ve S2) içinde yetiştirilmiştir. Çalışmada; yaprak sayısı, yaprakçık genişliği ve uzunluğu, yaprak sapı uzunluğu ve kalınlığı, kök uzunluğu, kök boğazı kalınlığı, sürgün ve tüm bitki kuru ağırlığı, sürgün/kök oranı bitkisel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Görsel kalite ve estetik özellikler olarak ise; taç genişliği, uzunluğu ve yüksekliği, taç projeksiyon alanı (PA-cm²), PA/PAsaksı oranı, taç projeksiyon hacmi (PV-cm³) ve PV/PVsaksı oranı ile genç ve olgun yaprakların renk parametreleri (L, a, b, C, H) incelenmiştir. Çilek bitkisinde yetiştirme saksısının boyutunun artması birçok büyüme, görsel kalite ve renk özellikleri üzerine olumlu etki yaratmıştır. Çalışmada saksılı çilek bitkisinde kalite ve estetik değeri gösteren en belirgin parametre ise PA/PAsaksı oranı olarak görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, saksı içinde çilek yetiştiriciliği için orta boy (S1) saksının kullanılması uygun bulunmuşturÖğe The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During SeedGermination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth(2020) Yasemin, Sara; Değer, Ayşin Güzel; Köksal, NeziheThe Zinnia genus which belongs to the Asteraceae family is an annual, multipurpose ornamental plant. Zinnia plants are cultivated not only in landscape but also as the potted plant and cut flower. One of the most important problems in the world is salinity in soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of salinity on twenty Zinnia cultivars during seed germination and early seedling growth. The salt was applied by irrigating seeds with 0 and 100 mM salt solutions. Radicle emergence, seed germination, root, hypocotyl and cotyledon lengths, relative growth index of the root, and seedling fresh weight were evaluated. At the end of the study, the radicle emergence reduction was the highestvalue in Zinnita Rose (52%). The highest reduction rates on seed germination were at Swizzle Cherry-Ivory, Double ZaharaRaspberry Ripple (48%), and Double Zahara Yellow (48%). Root lengths of all Zinnia cultivars were dramatically decreased by salt stress. According to weighted ranked evaluation, Dreamland Ivory and Dreamland Coral were more tolerant to salt stress than other Zinnia cultivars. However, in general Zinnia cultivars were relatively sensitive to salt stress at the germination stage.
