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Öğe Adaptation Strategies to Improve the Resistance of Oilseed Crops to Heat Stress Under a Changing Climate: An Overview(Frontiers Media Sa, 2021) Ahmad, Muhammad; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Skalicky, Milan; Hussain, Saddam; Zulfiqar, Usman; Anjum, Muhammad Zohaib; Habib Ur Rahman, MuhammadTemperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5 degrees C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. However, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. Manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and OMICS technology. This review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. We are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds.Öğe Alterations in Growth and Yield of Camelina Induced by Different Planting Densities under Water Deficit Stress(Tech Science Press, 2020) Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmed, Zeeshan; Ahmad, Zahoor; Ahmad, Rashid; Erman, Murat; Cig, Fatih; El Sabagh, AymanCamelina (Camelina sativa L.) is famous for its oil quality and unique fatty acid pattern. Growth and yield of crops reduced under water deficit conditions. Environmental threat such as drought or water deficit condition is the emerging problem which creates the negative impact on the growth of plants. Based upon the current situation a pot study was performed in rain out-shelter to explore the effect of different plant densities (15, 10 and 5 plants per pot) on growth and seed yield of two camelina genotypes under normal (100% WHC) and water deficit (60% WHC) conditions by using completely randomized design with factorial arrangement having three replicates. Results indicated that individual effects of plant densities and water deficit stress levels considerably influenced the growth and seed yield of camelina but interaction effects did not indicate any significant variation. Maximum values of leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) were recorded in P-3 treatment (15 plants per pot). However, maximum values of leaf area duration (LAD), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield and yield components were observed in the treatment P-1 (5 plants per pot). Water deficit condition (60% WHC) significantly minimized the growth, seed yield (0.82 g/m(2)) and yield components of camelina genotypes. Both camelina genotypes (611 and 618) did not differ significantly under water deficit conditions.Öğe Changing Climate Scenario: Perspectives of Camelina sativa as Low-Input Biofuel and Oilseed Crop(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Ahmad, Muhammad; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Hafeez, Muhammad Bilal; Zulfiqar, Usman; Ahmad, Zahoor; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Raza, AliHigh population shifts and climate change are putting thrust on the food industry, especially edible oil production. Monoculture of high-input crops certainly affects the crop yield and soil health. The import of edible oil is increasing in the major part of the world, putting some burden on the national exchequer of the countries. The current oil crops are unable to meet the deficit to address the problems; a crop with distinct features must be incorporated in the cropping system. [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz], a unique profiled biodiesel crop, is famous as gold of pleasure, and its oil is famous as a golden liquid. Camelina oil is an outstanding feedstock for the bio-based industry since its unique composition allows multiple applications. It is a rich source of oil >43%, which comprises a huge amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which accounts for 90%, containing 30-40% of alpha-linolenic acid and 15-25% of linoleic acid. The revival of this unique oilseed crop was based on (a) numerous inherent promising physiognomies, vigorous agronomic characteristics, eye-catching oil profile, genetic continuity with Arabidopsis, and the comfort of genetic remodeling by floral dip; (b) the investment in camelina which is understood as it merits serious considerations as potential biodiesel and oilseed and which shares a big role toward the sustainability along with increasing the diversity and production of plant oils; and (c) a univocal and descriptive portrayal of the different growth stages of camelina which will be used as an important apparatus for agronomy and research. In this review, the extended BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, and Chemische Industrie) scale was used to describe the phenological stages. The best use of camelina in the industrial sector as a drop-in product of packing materials, coatings, and adhesions can be achieved by further research to enlarge the camelina market. © The Editor(s) (ifapplicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.Öğe COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGY AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF CAMELINA (CAMELINA SATIVA L.) AND CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2020) Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, Riaz; Ahmad, Rashid; Ahmad, Zeeshan; Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Erman, MuratCamelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an alternative oilseed crop having several attractive features making it a potential oilseed crop. To assess the physiology, growth and yield responses of different genotypes of camelina and canola crops under various irrigation regimes two field trials were conducted for consecutive growing seasons in 2013-14 and 2014-15. Randomized complete block design (RCBD with factorial arrangements was adopted. In this experiment two camelina genotypes (Camelina-611 and Camelina-618), and two canola genotypes (Punjab sarsoon and Faisal canola) were used with four levels of irrigations I-0 (two irrigations: 1st at vegetative stage and 2nd at reproductive stage), I-1 (one irrigation at vegetative stage), I-2 (one irrigation at reproductive stage), and I-3 (no irrigation). The results revealed that the maximum values of leaf gas exchange traits, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, leaf water relation, yield and yield components were noted when two irrigations (I-0) were applied and it was followed by one irrigation at vegetative stage (I-1). However, the minimum values of these traits were recorded in water deficit plants that received no irrigation (I-3). Among the genotypes Camelina-618 relatively performed well as compared to other genotypes regarding all the recorded parameters (leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, leaf water relation, yield and yield components) under both well-watered and water stressed conditions.Öğe Enhancing drought tolerance in camelina sativa l. And canola (brassica napus l.) through application of selenium(Pakistan Botanical Society, 2020) Ahmad, Zahoor; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Barutçular, Celaleddin; Alharby, Hesham; Bamagoos, Atif; Kizilgeci, Ferhat; Öztürk, FerhatConsidering the burning issue the present study was undertaken in pot culture at the Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies (CIDS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan for enhancing drought tolerance in two oilseed crops (OC) crops camelina (Camelina sativa L.) and canola (Canola napus L.) through improving physiological, biochemical, and antioxidants activity by foliar application of selenium (Se) under drought stress. Two Camelina (i.e., ‘Australian Camelina’ and ‘Canadian Camelina’) and canola genotypes (i.e., ‘AARI Canola’ and ‘UAF Canola’) were used as plant materials during the growing season of 2016. Both Camelina and Canola genotypes were grown under normal (100% FC) and water deficit (drought stress) (40% FC) conditions. Four levels of Se: such as seeds priming with 75?M Se, foliar application of Se at 7.06 ?M and foliar Se in combination with seeds priming (7.06 ?M & 75?M) along with control were applied at the vegetative stage of both OC crops for screening drought tolerant genotypes. All treatments were arranged three times in a randomized complete block design. Both OC crops were grown upto the maturity and data on physiochemical, antioxidants and yield components were recorded during this study. Results of the present study indicated that the physio-biochemical parameters such as WP (water potential), OP (osmotic potential), TP (turgor pressure), proline, TSS (total soluble sugar), TFAA (total free amino acids), TPr (total proteins) and TS (total sugars); and total chlorophyll contents were improved by foliar application Se along with seed priming by Se in both OC crops in both drought stress and non-stress (control) conditions. Similarly, osmoprotectants such as GB (Glycinebetaine), anthocyanin, TPC (total phenolic contents) and flavonoids; as well as antioxidants such as APX (ascorbate peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase) and CAT (catalase) were also showed better enhancement in both OC crops through foliar application in combination with seed priming with Se (7.06 ?M & 75?M) under normal as well as water deficit (drought) conditions. Yield and its components i.e., branches plant-1 (no.), 1000-seed weight (g), seed and biological yield (t ha-1) of both OC crops were increased through foliar application in combination with seed priming by Se (7.06 ?M & 75?M) under drought and non-drought stress conditions. Both camelina and Canola genotypes categorized based on all the above-mentioned parameters under the water deficit (drought stress) condition and foliar application of Se, the genotype ‘Canadian Camelina’ maintained the highest values for all these attributes. Therefore, it is revealed that foliar application in combination with seed priming by Se helps to improve drought tolerance of OC crops and also leads to an increase in the productivity of crops under drought stress. Among the genotypes, ‘Canadian Camelina’ performed the best when seeds of the genotypes were primed with Se in combination with foliar application of Se at the vegetative stage. © 2020, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe Enhancing Drought Tolerance in Wheat through Improving Morpho-Physiological and Antioxidants Activities of Plants by the Supplementation of Foliar Silicon(Tech Science Press, 2020) Ahmad, Zahoor; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Hossain, Akbar; Erman, Murat; Cig, Fatih; Gharib, HanyThe main objective of the research is to assess the role of foliar application of silicon (Si) for enhancing the survival ability of wheat under drought stress through improving its morphology, physicochemical and antioxidants activities. Treatments were five doses of Si at the rate of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM and a control. After completion of seeds germination, pots were divided into four distinct groups at various field capacity (FC) levels, such as 100% FC (well-irrigated condition), 75% FC (slight water deficit), 50% FC (modest water deficit) and 25% FC (severe water deficit stress condition). Foliar application of Si at the rate of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mM and a control were given after 30 days of sowing at the tillering stage of wheat. Findings of the present investigation indicated that increasing the level of water deficit stress reduced the morphological parameters (such as root and shoot fresh and dry-biomass weight) and physico-biochemical events ((such as chlorophyll contents by estimating SPAD value), total free amino acid (TFAA), total soluble sugar (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP), total proline (TP), CAT (catalase), POD (peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and APX (ascorbate peroxidase)) of wheat; while foliar application of Si at 6 mM at tillering stage enhanced the drought tolerance in wheat by increasing morphology and physiochemical characters under all levels of drought stress. Similarly, antioxidants activities in wheat also enhanced by the application of Si at 6 mM under normal as well as all drought stress levels. Therefore, it may be concluded that foliar application of Si at 6 mM at the tillering stage of wheat is an important indication for increasing the drought tolerance by improving the morphology, physico-biochemical and antioxidants activities in plants under deficit water (drought) conditions.Öğe Foliar Application of Phosphorus Enhances Photosynthesis and Biochemical Characteristics of Maize under Drought Stress(Tech Science Press, 2021) Ahmad, Zahoor; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Rehman, Muhammad Zia ur; Ayub, Muhammad Ashar; Usman, Muhammad; Alharby, Hesham; Bamagoos, AtifWater is essential for the growth period of crops; however, water unavailability badly affects the growth and physiological attributes of crops, which considerably reduced the yield and yield components in crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar phosphorus (P) on morphological, gas exchange, biochemical traits, and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under normal as well as water deficit situations at the Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2014. Two different treatments (control and P @ 8 kg ha(-1)) and four hybrids (Hycorn, 31P41, 65625, and 32B33) of maize were tested by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that the water stress caused a remarkable decline in total soluble protein (9.7%), photosynthetic rate (9.4%) and transpiration rate (13.4%), stomatal conductance (10.2%), and internal CO2 rate (20.4%) comparative to well-watered control. An increase of 37.1%, 36.8%, and 24.5% were recorded for proline, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acid, respectively. However, foliar P application minimized the negative impact of drought by improving plant growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE in maize plants under water stress conditions. Among the hybrids tested, the hybrid 6525 performed better both under stress and non-stress conditions. These outcomes confirmed that the exogenous application of P improved drought stress tolerance by modulating growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE of maize hybrids.Öğe Physiological Mechanisms of Plants Involved in Phosphorus Nutrition and Deficiency Management(CRC Press, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutçula, Celaleddin; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, Adeel; Ayub, Muhammad Ashar; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Iqbal, Muhammad AamirNutrients play an important role for the better growth and production of the field crops. In fulfilling the requirements of food along with the globe, through an improvement in crop productivity, balanced nutrition plays a vital role. Food crops require phosphorus (P) as a macronutrient for several functions like transfer of energy, cell division, and storage. Phosphorus improves forage, fiber, root growth, and grain yield. It not only strengthens stalk but also improves the early maturity of plants. In resistance against cold injury and root rot disease, P plays its role. Phosphorus is also crucial for cell differentiation and energy transactions. In the plant body, as a part of nucleic acids, phosphor-proteins, and phospholipids, P is a critical constituent of plant cells. The deficiency of P creates a negative impact on the morphology as well as the physiological process of the plants. Many researchers worked on the enhancement of crop productivity and assessed the role of P in plants. This chapter elaborated on three critical aspects of phosphorus; first is the P uses and role in crop plants while the second is the physiological mechanism of P in the plant. The third section discussed the management of P deficiency or toxicity in plants. © 2022 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.Öğe Pod shattering in canola reduced by mitigating drought stress through silicon application and molecular approaches-A review(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Ahmad, Zahoor; Barutcular, Celaleddin; Rehman, Muhammad Zia Ur; Tariq, Rana Muhammad Sabir; Afzal, Muhammad; Waraich, Ejaz Ahmad; Ahmad, AdeelClimate change has become a serious threat all over the world, which creates a negative impact on the growth, physiology and yield attributes of the crops. Drought stress is one of the major causes of climate change that contributes more to the reduction of yield of crops and its physiological aspects (i.e., stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, plant canopy temperature, membrane thermal stability index, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence). Pod shattering negatively affects the yield of canola under drought stress conditions. The control of shattering, caused by drought, has been difficult due to the lack of resistant cultivars. Drought at any stage of canola, either vegetative or reproductive, badly affects the canola crops in terms of growth, physiology, pod development and its shattering, which results in the reduction of yield. To overcome the pod shattering and its development, the Si plays an important role, which provides the strength to the pod when it was applied with their proper amount and proper time. Si is the beneficial element which helps in improving the growth and physiology of crop under drought stress conditions. Si helps for reducing the pod shattering in canola and improving its yield by mitigating the adverse effect of drought on canola. Molecular approaches also help to provide resistance in canola against pod shattering and improve its yield under drought stress conditions. Current review highlights the role of Si and current molecular developments to deal with constraints in pod development and it's shattering under drought stress.
