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    Co-digestion of spoiled maize silage with cattle manure
    (2021) Aybek, Ali; Solak, Mehmet; Ekinci, Kamil
    In this study, spoiled maize silage (SMS) and cattle manure were co-digested at five different mixtures by the Hohenheim Batch Yield Test unit under mesophilic conditions to explore biogas production possibilities of these wastes together. The mixtures were 100% cattle manure, 100% SMS, 85% cattle manure + 15% SMS, 70% cattle manure + 30% SMS, and 55% cattle manure + 45% SMS. Chemical properties of raw materials and mixtures, including crude fat, dry matter, organic matter, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were determined. As the amount of SMS in the mixtures increased, biogas and methane production increased. The highest cumulative specific biogas and methane production were determined for 100% SMS as 0.62 Nm3 kg-1 organic matter (OM) and 0.31 Nm3 kg-1 OM, respectively, where Nm3 is the volume of biogas under normal conditions. Methane content of the mixture containing SMS (49.99% to 51.87%) was higher than that of cattle manure only (44.01%). Furthermore, the mixtures which had lower ADF content yielded more methane and biogas. In conclusion, the efficiency of biogas and methane production can be increased by applying the co-digestion technique.
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    Öğe
    Co-fermentation of macroalga Elodea canadensis in different mixing ratios with dairy manure
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Ekinci, Kamil; Ciftci, Fatih; Kumbul, Barbaros S.; Yildirim, Rifat; Solak, Mehmet; Coban, Volkan
    Dairy manure is a valuable by-product of the animal production industry, but it may cause environmental problems due to inappropriate management and utilization. Although Elodea canadensis is an invasive species, it can be used as a renewable energy source for production of some biorefinery products such as biogas. Therefore, the potential use of E. canadensis biomass as a co-substrate for biogas generation was investigated by gradually increasing the amount of E. canadensis in the mixture containing dairy manure. Microalgae collected directly from Lake Egirdir by hand were first dried and then subjected to grinding. Five different mixtures were prepared for the co-fermentation of E. canadensis with dairy manure. The experiments were carried out in the anaerobic digester unit, which consists of 2-L bottles in a temperature-controlled water bath. The results showed that the specific methane production of the mixture containing only dairy manure was 192.3 mL CH4/g OM, while that of the mixture containing only E. canadensis was measured as 151.1 mL/g OM. As a result, the increase in the amount of E. canadensis in the mixture decreased biogas and CH4 production. However, this study showed that it is possible to produce biogas from E. canadensis, and an undesirable invasive species in natural water resources can be used as a biomass energy source.
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    Öğe
    Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Organic Fig (Ficus carica L.) Production in Turkey
    (Springer, 2022) Oguz, Halil Ibrahim; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman; Eren, Omer; Solak, Mehmet
    This study was conducted in an organic fig farm in the 2017 production season in Adiyaman, Tut, at the Southeast Anatolia in Turkey. According to the findings, the energy inputs of organic fig production were calculated respectively as 2217.57 MJ ha(-1) (38.07%) human labour energy, 2025 MJ ha(-1) (34.76%) farmyard manure energy, 858.73 MJ ha(-1) (14.74%) diesel fuel energy, 545.29 MJ ha(-1) (9.36%) machinery energy, 79.72 MJ ha(-1) (1.37%) electricity energy, 49.56 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) transportation energy and 49.30 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) irrigation water energy. The energy yield of organic fig was calculated as 12,900 MJ ha(-1). The energy output-input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy calculations were calculated as 2.21, 1.08 MJ kg(-1), 0.92 kg MJ(-1), and 7074.83 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Total input energy consumption in organic fig production was classified as 55.02% direct, 44.98% indirect, 73.67% renewable, and 26.33% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 1109.02 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1). The most significant portion was human labor (71.41%). The second most significant value was farmyard manure usage (17.65%), and others were as follows: diesel fuel consumption (3.80%), machinery usage (3.49%), electricity consumption (2.38%), water consumption of irrigation (1.20%) and transportation (0.07%). Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.21 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in organic fig.