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    Competitive ability of imidazolinone-tolerant rice (cv. Luna) with different weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) biotypes
    (Springer, 2023) Pala, Firat; Mennan, Husrev; Jabran, Khawar
    Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is becoming a significant concern in rice (O. sativa L.) cultivation in Turkey, despite its recent introduction. These studies determined the competitive ability of different weedy rice biotypes and yield responses of imidazolinone (IMI)-tolerant variety Luna when grown in competition with variable population densities of weedy rice. The field experiments were conducted at a farmer's field, Trachea Region Edirne Turkey in 2017 and 2018. A split plot design was used in which three different straw hull weedy rice biotypes (i) awnless (WRB-1), (ii) short-awned (WRB-2), and (iii) long-awned (WRB-3) were kept in the main-plots and three weedy rice densities (i) being free of weeds, (ii) being low in weed density (< 10 plants m-2), and (iii) having a high weed density (> 30 plants m-2) were in the subplots. Weedy rice biotypes significantly decreased the biomass, the tiller production, the leaf area, the plant height, and grain yield of Luna rice variety; however, the biotypes differed in their effect on Luna rice. The weedy rice genotype WRB-1 decreased the growth parameters of rice to the largest extent. All weedy rice biotypes (both at low and high densities of weedy rice) decreased the grain yield of Luna rice while the weed-free plots produced the highest grain yield. WRB-1 exposed to environments with a high density of weeds could decrease rice yield by 17.8%. In conclusion, weedy rice biotypes varied for their competitive ability against the cultivated rice and WRB-1 was the most competitive biotype.
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    Dikim Öncesi Herbisitler İle Domates Tarlalarında Yabancı Ot Mücadelesi
    (2021) Pala, Firat; Karipçin, Zeki
    Yabancı otlar; besin, su ve ışık için domates bitkisiyle rekabet ederek verimi azaltır. Ayrıca it üzümü,domuz pıtrağı ve horoz ibiği gibi yaygın geniş yapraklı otlar; böcek, hastalık ve virüslere konukçuluk etmektedir.Herbisitlerle yabancı ot kontrolü doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak ürünün yabancı otlarla ilgili rekabet kabiliyetinigeliştirmeye odaklanmaktadır. Torpak herbisitlerinin yabancı ot ve domates (Alsancak F1) üzerindeki etkinliğiniaraştırmak için Siirt Üniversitesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümünün sebzecilik araştırma alanlarında Haziran-Ağustos2016-17 arasında arazi çalışması yapılmıştır. Oxyfluorfen (480 g/l ai ha–1) parsellerinde yabancı ot kontrol etkisi(WCE) 14. günde %86, 28. günde %79, 42. günde %65 ve 56. günde %52; yabancı ot endeksi (WI) %29 olaraktespit edildiğinden bu herbisit umut verici olarak tanımlanmıştır. Tüm yabancı ot kontrol süreçleri yabancıotların yoğunluğunu azaltmıştır. Bununla birlikte, clomazone (480 g/l EC 0.2 L ai ha-1), fluometuron (500 g/l SC 2L ai ha-1) ve flurochloridone (250 g/l EC 2.5 L ai ha-1) domates fidelerinde aşırı zararlanma oluşturmuştur.Clomazone, fluometuron ve flurochloridone yabancı otları değişik oranlarda kontrol etmelerine rağmen, aşırıürün hasarı nedeniyle domateste kullanımlarının uygun olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Oxyfluorfen (240 g/l EC 1L a.i ha-1) ve pendimetalin (450 g/l CS 3 L i ha-1) nispeten ümitvar bulunmuş, ancak bu herbisitlerin uygulamazamanı ile toprak ve iklim koşullarına bağlı olarak fitotoksisite riskinin oluşabileceği göz ardı edilmemelidir.
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    Multiple resistance to EPSPS and ALS inhibitors in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) identified in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2024) Kaya-Altop, Emine; Jabran, Khawar; Pala, Firat; Mennan, Husrev
    Amaranthus palmeri was first reported in Turkey in 2016, and an immediate heavy infestation of the weed was found in fruit orchards and summer crops such as maize, cotton, and sunflower. There have been farmers' complaints about the ineffective control of Palmer amaranth through the use of glyphosate and some sulfonylureas herbicides. Hence, this study aimed to determine the possible herbicide resistance evolution in Palmer amaranth against glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS) herbicides. Seeds of 21 Palmer amaranth populations were collected from five provinces of Turkey where control problems with glyphosate and ALS inhibitors were reported in maize fields. Seeds of certain biotypes categorized as resistant or susceptible were grown to obtain the F-2 generation. A single-dose experiment determined the possible resistance to ALS inhibitors and glyphosate among the 21 populations. Of this, 18 populations were included in the subsequent dose-response experiments due to evident survival. Based on ED50 values from the dose-response experiment, SNU-04 and ADN-21 biotypes had the highest resistance index for glyphosate which was more than 7. The biotypes ADN-21, OSM-15, and DIR-09 recorded the highest ED50 value with a resistance index of 9.21-10.35 after nicosulfuron application. Whereas, the biotypes SNU-04, OSM-15, and ADN-21 were with the highest ED50 value and resistance index of 6.41-7.44, after the application of foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron methyl-sodium. The increase in genomic 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) copy number has been observed in suspected cases that have been accepted as the molecular basis for the development of resistance against glyphosate. The sequence alignment results for the ALS gene contained Ala122Val and Pro197Arg mutations related to target-site resistance against ALS herbicides.
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    Non-Chemical Weed Management in Vegetables by Using Cover Crops: A Review
    (Mdpi, 2020) Mennan, Husrev; Jabran, Khawar; Zandstra, Bernard H.; Pala, Firat
    Vegetables are a substantial part of our lives and possess great commercial and nutritional value. Weeds not only decrease vegetable yield but also reduce their quality. Non-chemical weed control is important both for the organic production of vegetables and achieving ecologically sustainable weed management. Estimates have shown that the yield of vegetables may be decreased by 45%-95% in the case of weed-vegetable competition. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is desired for several reasons. For example, there are greater chances of contamination of vegetables by herbicide residue compared to cereals or pulse crops. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is also needed due to environmental pollution, the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and a strong desire for organic vegetable cultivation. Although there are several ways to control weeds without the use of herbicides, cover crops are an attractive choice because these have a number of additional benefits (such as soil and water conservation) along with the provision of satisfactory and sustainable weed control. Several cover crops are available that may provide excellent weed control in vegetable production systems. Cover crops such as rye, vetch, or Brassicaceae plants can suppress weeds in rotations, including vegetables crops such as tomato, cabbage, or pumpkin. Growers should also consider the negative effects of using cover crops for weed control, such as the negative allelopathic effects of some cover crop residues on the main vegetable crop.
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    Observation of Weed Species, Frequency and Density in Common Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields of Diyarbakir, Turkey: A Case Study
    (Galenos Publ House, 2020) Pala, Firat
    The weed species in the common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) fields in the Diyarbakir were observed with this study. For this purpose, 50 quadrats of 1m by lm (1 m(-2)) were randomly placed and examined at each study site. In every set of the quadrat, frequency and density were observed throughout the cropping season of 2015-2016. During the course of field study 72 weed species belonging to 21 families, 13 grasses, 59 broadleaves were recorded. The common families were Asteraceae and Poaceae in the common barley fields. The encounter frequency of weeds was determined by observing 80% wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L., 80%), animated oat (Avena sterilis L., 63%), common wild oat (Avena fatua L., 54%), corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis L., 54%), corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L., 52%), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., 51%), volunteer lentils (Lens culinaris Medik., 51%). Wild mustard, which had the highest frequency was also the densest weed species (5.18 plant m(-2)), and other species such as animated oat (4.33 plant m(-2)), creeping thistle (1.77 plant m(-2)), common wild oat (1.72 plant m(-2)), corn buttercup (1.47 plant m(-2)), cleavers (1.38 plant m(-2)), corn poppy (1.22 plant m(-2)), volunteer lentils (1.07 plant m(-2)) were important species at all the observed fields. It was observed that the great infestation was shown by broadleaf weeds due to the lack of effective weed control in the barley areas.
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    THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WEED MANAGEMENT ON WEEDS AND GRAPE YIELD IN VINEYARDS
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2020) Pala, Firat
    A total of 60 species (13 monocots and 47 dicots) belonging to 21 families were identified in the vineyard in Diyarbakir, Turkey between 2017-2019. Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense ( L.) Scop.), false carrot (Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffin.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), prostrate sandmat (Euphorbia prostrata Aiton) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) as broad-leaved and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), canarygrass (Phalaris paradoxa L.), common oat (Avena sativa L.), green foxtail (Setaria verticillata L.), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) as grass were identified as the 10 most common weeds. Weed density (plant m(-2)) was determined in applications with the lowest with soil herbicides (indaziflam + mechanical 3, indaziflam + fluazifop-P-butyl 4, and indaziflam 5), also after weedy check (59), it was detected the most in the mechanical (23). Weed control efficiency (WCE, %) was the highest with soil herbicide (indaziflam + mechanical 95, indaziflam + fluazifop-P-butyl 92, and indaziflam 90), also it was the lowest in the mechanical (62). Grape yield (kg plant(-1)) was the highest with soil herbicide (indaziflam + mechanical 3.75, indaziflam + fluazifop-P-butyl 3.64, and indaziflam 3.57), also it was the least in the mechanical (2.73). It was determined that grape yield decreased up to 32% depending on weeds, density and managements. Weed control is one of the important agricultural practices that should be applied in the management of vineyards as it prevents loss of yield by preserving soil moisture and reducing competition for essential mineral nutrients required for grapevines.
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    The effect of post emergence herbicides and their mixtures on grass and broadleaf weed control in barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2020) Pala, Firat
    The experiments were conducted on winter barley between 2017 and 2019 to measure the effectiveness of four post-emergence herbicides also their tank mixture on weeds and in 2-rowed winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Sahin-91 fields in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) and mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were identified as two of the most troublesome weeds. When weed control efficiency (92%), weed index (9.88%) and crop injury (1.08%) were evaluated as a whole in pinoxaden 50 g/1 EC 0.9 1 ha"1 and 2.4-D ethylhexyl ester 452.42 g/1 + florasulam 6.25 g/1 SE 0.5 1 ha1 tank mixture, it was found that it was the most suitable mixture. The tank mixture of these two commercial herbicides can apply post-emergence (beginning of March) successfully for controlling the grass and broad-leaved weeds in winter barley. Determination of the right herbicide tank combinations in agriculture is necessary for sustainable weed management, as it reduces input costs, prevents yield losses and less pollutes the ecological environment. © 2020 Parlar Scientific Publications. All rights reserved.
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    THE EFFECT OF POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES AND THEIR MIXTURES ON GRASS AND BROADLEAF WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2020) Pala, Firat
    The experiments were conducted on winter barley between 2017 and 2019 to measure the effectiveness of four post-emergence herbicides also their tank mixture on weeds and in 2-rowed winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Sahin-91 fields in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) and mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) were identified as two of the most troublesome weeds. When weed control efficiency (92%), weed index (9.88%) and crop injury (1.08%) were evaluated as a whole in pinoxaden 50 g/l EC 0.9 1 ha(-1) and 2.4-D ethylhexyl ester 452.42 g/l + florasulam 6.25 g/l SE 0.5 1 ha(-1) tank mixture, it was found that it was the most suitable mixture. The tank mixture of these two commercial herbicides can apply post-emergence (beginning of March) successfully for controlling the grass and broad-leaved weeds in winter barley. Determination of the right herbicide tank combinations in agriculture is necessary for sustainable weed management, as it reduces input costs, prevents yield losses and less pollutes the ecological environment.