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    Morphometric, macroscopic and microscopic investigation of glandulae uropygiale in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)
    (Wiley, 2024) Isbilir, Fatma; Ozguden Akkoc, Cansel Guzin; Isbilir, Ihsan; Ozoner, Ozgur; Guzel, Baris Can; Arican, Ilker; Atalgin, Sukru Hakan
    This study was carried out to investigate the macroanatomical, morphometric, histological, and electron microscopic characteristics of the uropygial gland in adult male and female turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). The glandula uropygialis of 13 adult turkeys (6 males and 7 females) were used for this study. It was determined that this glandular structure located dorsal to the last caudal vertebrae was heart-shaped and consisted of two lobes and a papilla system. As a result of statistical evaluation, significant differences were found between the sexes in the parameters of lobe length, papilla width and papilla height (p < .05). Also, papilla uropygialis index (PUI) value had a statistically significant difference (p < .05). Tissue samples taken to determine the histological structure of the gland were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Crossman's triple, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), diastase, and orcein. Histological examination revealed that the gland had a two-lobed structure surrounded by a capsule composed of connective tissue. It was determined that the gland had a tubular structure and the epithelial layer consisted of cellular layers as a germinative layer, intermediate layer, secretory layer, and degenerative layer from the periphery to center. In the scanning electron microscope examination, the lobe structure of the gland consisted of different shaped follicles protruding from the surface. It was observed that these glandular follicle structures were gathered together in different ways or mostly disorganized. As a result of the study, it was determined that the morphological and histological structure of the uropygial gland in turkeys was similar to that of other bird species, but showed some species-specific and habitat-dependent differences in general. Ar & imath;can Research Highlights The uropygial gland consisted of a system of two lobes and one papilla in each of male and female turkeys. The glandular lobes consisted of follicles surrounded by connective tissue, while the follicles were connected to each other by interfollicular septae. The results obtained in morphometric measurements revealed statistical differences between male and female birds. Histological examination showed periodic acid Schiff (PAS) (+) reaction in the basal membranes of tubule epithelial cells and secretion. Lymphoid cell communities were found in both connective tissue and intertubular regions. The fact that the reaction was not glycogen-induced was determined by the observation of PAS positivity as a result of staining with the PAS-diastase technique.
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    Seasonal investigation of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the sinus interdigitalis in Hamdani crossbred sheep (Ovis aries)
    (Wiley, 2024) Isbilir, Fatma; Ozguden Akkoc, Cansel Guzin; Kirman, Gunsel; Ozoner, Ozgur; Ozoner, Merve Pekince; Isbilir, Ihsan; Gulendag, Erman
    Background: The odours of different body parts and structures, such as external genitalia, female urine, ventral tail radix, infraorbital sinus and interdigital sinus, have a strong attractiveness for rams. The sinus interdigitalis is considered an important trail gland for sexual behaviour, as its odour is included in the list of strongly attractive structures for male animals during the breeding season, being important in pheromone production. Objectives: In the present study, the effects of sex and breeding season on the morphological and histological structure of the interdigital gland were investigated in Hamdani crossbred sheep (Ovis aries). Methods: Sinus interdigitalis glands located on the forelimbs and hind limbs were collected from 10 male and 10 female sheep during both breeding and non-breeding seasons. The gland's position in the forelimbs and hind limbs was determined radiographically. The glands were examined macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically in both seasons. Results: In all animals, the topographic location of the gland between the digits was determined to be distal to the phalanx proximalis and at the level of the phalanx media. The mean weight of the gland in male and female animals was 1.07 +/- 0.03 and 1.4 +/- 0.11 g, respectively. In general, the results of morphometric measurements were higher during the breeding season, and the increase was more pronounced in female animals. In histological examinations, it was determined that both neck and body parts of the tissues consisted of a structure consisting of a connective tissue capsule at the outermost, dermis, epidermis and lumen underneath. Immunohistochemically staining revealed that oestrogen receptors showed positive immunoreactions only in the intracytoplasmic localization of apocrine sweat glands. In terms of morphological, histological and oestrogen receptors, it was thought that the gland may play a role in sexual communication.