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    Managing Greenhouse Gas Emission
    (wiley, 2022) Hussain, Sajjad; Mubeen, Muhammad; Sultana, Syeda Refat; Ahmad, Ashfaq; Fahad, Shah; Nasim, Wajid; Ahmad, Shakeel
    Rice (Oryza sativa) production systems have faced the two opposing challenges all over the world: the need to increase the production to nourish the world’s increasing population and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the most significant GHGs because of their global warming mitigation (GWM) and radiative effects on rice. Rice intensive farming system has been producing extreme pressure on fields of rice for producing more rice for the increasing global population, thus declining rice ecosystem balance and soil fertility situation by fluxes of more N2O, CH4, and CO2 to the environment. Many farmers used fertilizer combination and commercial hormone to rice growing. Nowadays, the integrated management system like modifying tillage practices, improving nitrogen fertilization and irrigation patterns, increasing yield potential, and managing organic and fertilizer inputs are set up based on plant physiological needs. These strategies can also increase the yield of rice as well as have benefits on GWM. Satellite-based estimates provide unique opportunities to improve bottom-up and top-down estimate of GHG emissions, and also provide important observations to support the understanding as well as monitoring of environment and earth’s surface changes due to human activities. The integrated management system, an eco-farming method, gives the best solution than transgenic plants (in which several problems including field tests and stability of the transgenic lines are inevitable). Adapting drainage systems could be a good option for reducing CH4 in rice production system. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
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    Prospective role of plant growth regulators for tolerance to abiotic stresses
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Sabagh, Ayman E. L.; Hossain, Akbar; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Amanet, Khizer; Mubeen, Muhammad; Nasim, Wajid
    Abiotic stresses (heat, drought, salinity, and heavy metals) are projected to drastically reduce crop yields leading to seriously jeopardizing the food security of increasing population across the globe. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic substances that regulate the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues, and organs. Although the roles of PGRs in improving plant growth and development are well documented, their role in plant stress tolerance is continued to be explored. Among the PGRs, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, nitric oxide, brassinosteroids, strigolactones, and polyamines have got the attention of the researchers as a sustainable source to improve abiotic stress tolerance under changing climate. Recently, numerous advancements have led to identify PGRs effects and to understand how plant growth responses are regulated by PGRs under abiotic stress. Different strategies are being employed to improve plant growth under abiotic conditions; the application of PGRs in crops offers good outcomes. However, it needs more researches and discussions on the said subject. Therefore, this chapter is focused on the stress management and role of PGRs in conferring abiotic stress tolerance under changing climate as it will play a key role to policymakers' food, nutritional, environmental, and economic security for the present and future generation demand. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.