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    Biofortification of Iron in Potato Through Rhizobacteria and Plant Growth Regulator
    (Springer, 2024) Mushtaq, Zain; Al-Ashkar, Ibrahim; Habib-ur-Rahman, Muhammad; Sabagh, Ayman El; Ilic, Predrag
    Millions of people around the world have iron deficiency, which is one of several important nutritional disorders. Despite recent advances in the prevention and treatment of these deficiencies, it is estimated that over two billion individuals worldwide are at risk for vitamin A, iodine, and/or iron insufficiency. Many major health concerns can result from micronutrient deficits. Lack of iron, folate, B12, and A may cause anemia. Anemia causes weariness, weakness, breathlessness, and disorientation due to low red blood cell or hemoglobin levels. Biofortification, a way to make staple foods with more micronutrients, could help lower malnutrition. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can boost the amount of iron in edible plant tissues by making it easier for iron to get to those tissues. A pot experiment was conducted at ISES, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, to evaluate the impact of well-characterized rhizobacterial strains (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Bacillus simplex) alone and in combination with L-tryptophan (a plant growth regulator (PGR)) on agronomic, tuber, and nutritional attributes of potato. Results revealed that inoculation significantly enhanced the iron content of potato tubers compared to control plants. When rhizobacteria, L-tryptophan, and iron were added to the soil, the number of tubers grew by 68.24% compared to the control plants where neither PGPR nor PGR was applied. Biofortifying potatoes with microbes can help people get more micronutrients, especially in countries with few resources. These results showed that PGPR can help plants get more Fe from the soil if more Fe is added to the soil. These results provide support for the hypothesis that microbial aided biofortification in crops might reduce human micronutrient insufficiency, particularly in areas with little resources.
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    Enhancing Iron Content in Potatoes: a Critical Strategy for Combating Nutritional Deficiencies
    (Springer, 2024) Mushtaq, Zain; Alasmari, Abdulrahman; Demir, Cihan; Oral, Muekerrem Atalay; Belliturk, Korkmaz; Baran, Mehmet Firat
    Despite recent advances in the prevention and control of nutritional deficiencies, estimates suggest that over two billion individuals worldwide are at risk for vitamin A, iodine and/or iron insufficiency. Pregnant women and small children are most at risk, and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have very high incidence rates. Concerning public health are deficits in zinc, folate and the B vitamins, among other micronutrients. Micronutrient malnutrition, often referred to as hidden hunger, represents one of humanity's most pressing challenges. Iron deficiency anaemia affects more individuals globally than any other prevalent disorder. However, iron supplementation can exacerbate infectious diseases, necessitating careful evaluation of iron therapy policies. In this review, we explore biofortification strategies to combat hidden hunger, considering recent medical and nutritional advancements. Enhancing iron content in edible plant parts can improve human nutrient status through crop consumption. Mineral and vitamin density in staple foods, particularly for impoverished populations, can be increased using traditional plant breeding or transgenic approaches, collectively known as biofortification. Microbial iron biofortification is especially valuable in developing countries where expensive supplements are unaffordable. Additionally, the current COVID-19 pandemic underscores the need for a robust immune system, with iron playing a crucial role in immune function enhancement.
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    Impact of Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Contamination on the Environment and Human Health
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Zuhra, Naqshe; Akhtar, Tayyaba; Yasin, Muhammad Rizwan; Mushtaq, Zain; Sajjad, Hassan; Javed, Sadia; Chaudhary, Ayesha
    This chapter examines fluorides and fluorocarbons, their relevance, sources, exposures, metabolic processes, adverse consequences, and environmental consequences. It investigates historical contexts, prevalence in diverse sectors, and the links between fluoride levels in drinking water and their health consequences. The discussion focused on the ingestion and absorption processes, as well as the health repercussions of excessive exposure, with a particular emphasis on skeletal and dental fluorosis. It also explores the ecological effects of fluoride contamination on aquatic environments, animal, and plant species. The major focus is on the challenges of controlling and eliminating environmental pollution, highlighting the need for effective strategies and solutions. The study looked at the effects of water fluoridation on human health, especially skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, and possibly neurological repercussions. The findings highlight the importance of ethical issues in the practice of fluoridation. It is critical to weigh the benefits and drawbacks, as well as to assess the problem of individual consent against public usage of fluoride. Furthermore, this chapter examines techniques and solutions for eliminating pollutants, with a particular emphasis on measures for lowering fluoride levels in dirty water and advances in water treatment technology. It emphasized the need for community-based measures to combat fluorosis. Finally, the chapter outlined future research goals aimed at identifying information gaps, investigating emerging technologies for monitoring and restoration, and proposing policy recommendations for ecological management. This chapter offers a comprehensive guide for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working to lessen the impact of fluorides and fluorocarbons on human health and the environment. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.