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Öğe Evaluating the efficiency of coarser to finer resolution multispectral satellites in mapping paddy rice fields using GEE implementation(Nature Portfolio, 2022) Waleed, Mirza; Mubeen, Muhammad; Ahmad, Ashfaq; Habib-ur-Rahman, Muhammad; Amin, Asad; Farid, Hafiz Umar; Hussain, SajjadTimely and accurate estimation of rice-growing areas and forecasting of production can provide crucial information for governments, planners, and decision-makers in formulating policies. While there exists studies focusing on paddy rice mapping, only few have compared multi-scale datasets performance in rice classification. Furthermore, rice mapping of large geographical areas with sufficient accuracy for planning purposes has been a challenge in Pakistan, but recent advancements in Google Earth Engine make it possible to analyze spatial and temporal variations within these areas. The study was carried out over southern Punjab (Pakistan)-a region with 380,400 hectares devoted to rice production in year 2020. Previous studies support the individual capabilities of Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for paddy rice classification. However, to our knowledge, no study has compared the efficiencies of these three datasets in rice crop classification. Thus, this study primarily focuses on comparing these satellites' data by estimating their potential in rice crop classification using accuracy assessment methods and area estimation. The overall accuracies were found to be 96% for Sentinel-2, 91.7% for Landsat-8, and 82.6% for MODIS. The F1-Scores for derived rice class were 83.8%, 75.5%, and 65.5% for Sentinel-2, Landsat-8, and MODIS, respectively. The rice estimated area corresponded relatively well with the crop statistics report provided by the Department of Agriculture, Punjab, with a mean percentage difference of less than 20% for Sentinel-2 and MODIS and 33% for Landsat-8. The outcomes of this study highlight three points; (a) Rice mapping accuracy improves with increase in spatial resolution, (b) Sentinel-2 efficiently differentiated individual farm level paddy fields while Landsat-8 was not able to do so, and lastly (c) Increase in rice cultivated area was observed using satellite images compared to the government provided statistics.Öğe Managing Greenhouse Gas Emission(wiley, 2022) Hussain, Sajjad; Mubeen, Muhammad; Sultana, Syeda Refat; Ahmad, Ashfaq; Fahad, Shah; Nasim, Wajid; Ahmad, ShakeelRice (Oryza sativa) production systems have faced the two opposing challenges all over the world: the need to increase the production to nourish the world’s increasing population and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the most significant GHGs because of their global warming mitigation (GWM) and radiative effects on rice. Rice intensive farming system has been producing extreme pressure on fields of rice for producing more rice for the increasing global population, thus declining rice ecosystem balance and soil fertility situation by fluxes of more N2O, CH4, and CO2 to the environment. Many farmers used fertilizer combination and commercial hormone to rice growing. Nowadays, the integrated management system like modifying tillage practices, improving nitrogen fertilization and irrigation patterns, increasing yield potential, and managing organic and fertilizer inputs are set up based on plant physiological needs. These strategies can also increase the yield of rice as well as have benefits on GWM. Satellite-based estimates provide unique opportunities to improve bottom-up and top-down estimate of GHG emissions, and also provide important observations to support the understanding as well as monitoring of environment and earth’s surface changes due to human activities. The integrated management system, an eco-farming method, gives the best solution than transgenic plants (in which several problems including field tests and stability of the transgenic lines are inevitable). Adapting drainage systems could be a good option for reducing CH4 in rice production system. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.Öğe Mitigation of Climate Change Through Carbon Farming(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Tariq, Samra; Mubeen, Muhammad; Hammad, Hafiz Mohkum; Jatoi, Wajid Nasim; Hussain, Sajjad; Farid, Hafiz Umar; Ali, MazharThere is still a lot of disagreement concerning the nature, substance, and, most critically, effect of the policy initiatives that are needed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon farming is a viable technique for producing food and other products in a more sustainable manner. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), livestock emissions account for 24% of world greenhouse gas (GHG) productions, with entire worldwide livestock emissions of 7.1 gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year accounting for 14.5% of overall human-caused GHG emissions. This chapter explains the present condition of climate change mitigation in developing nations using carbon farming and the ways these countries can adopt for increasing carbon sequestration. This chapter also discusses carbon farming, a climate-smart agriculture technique that uses plants to trap and store atmospheric carbon dioxide in soil, along with carbon sequestration. Forestry carbon sequestration, specifically by prevented deforestation, is a potential, cost-effective alternative for mitigating changing climate. We need to improve our biophysical knowledge about carbon farming co-benefits, predict the economic impacts of employing multiple strategies and policy incentives, and develop the associated integrated models to estimate the full costs and benefits of agricultural GHG mitigation to farmers and the rest of society. This can be achieved through joining near-real-time field measurements and offline, modeling, computing networks, weather data, and satellite imagery. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Modern Breeding Approaches for Climate Change(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Afzal, Sadia; Mubeen, Muhammad; Hussain, Sajjad; Ali, Mazhar; Rashad Javeed, Hafiz Muhammad; Al-Ashkar, Ibrahim; Soufan, WalidClimate-smart agriculture is the emerging and sustainable option to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change (on crop adaptability) before it significantly influences global crop production. Crop development through modern breeding techniques, effective agronomic practices and exploitation of natural variability in neglected and popular crops are all good ways to meet future food demands. However, the rapidly changing environment requires technological interventions to improve crop climate resilience. Technological advances such as genome-edited transgenic plants, high-throughput phenotyping technologies combined with next-generation sequencing techniques, big data analytics and advances in modern breeding techniques help modern agriculture progress towards robotics or digital conversion to face future environmental adversaries. For example, speed breeding in combination with genomic and phenomic methods can lead to quicker identification of genetic factors and, as a result, speed up crop development programmes. Furthermore, combining next-generation interdisciplinary breeding platforms might open up new opportunities for developing climate-ready crops. Several integrated modern breeding platforms were created in the last few decades and are now employed worldwide. Africa and Asia have adopted these most frequently used crop improvement platforms with advanced techniques like multitrait association studies using genome-wide association studies (GWASs). These have permitted precise exploration of the genetic make-up of agricultural attributes in most crops. This chapter explores various ways to increase crop output by developing climate-resilient superior genotypes. Further, we discussed how combinatorial advanced breeding technologies and biotechnological approaches would be used for managing climate change’s consequences to promote crops with climate resilience. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023.Öğe Phytohormones as Growth Regulators During Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants(Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) EL Sabagh, Ayman; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Hossain, Akbar; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Mubeen, Muhammad; Waleed, Mirza; Reginato, MarianaPhytohormones (PHs) play crucial role in regulation of various physiological and biochemical processes that govern plant growth and yield under optimal and stress conditions. The interaction of these PHs is crucial for plant survival under stressful environments as they trigger signaling pathways. Hormonal cross regulation initiate a cascade of reactions which finely tune the physiological processes in plant architecture that help plant to grow under suboptimal growth conditions. Recently, various studies have highlighted the role of PHs such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates in the plant responses toward environmental stresses. The involvement of cytokinins, gibberellins, auxin, and relatively novel PHs such as strigolactones and brassinosteroids in plant growth and development has been documented under normal and stress conditions. The recent identification of the first plant melatonin receptor opened the door to this regulatory molecule being considered a new plant hormone. However, polyamines, which are not considered PHs, have been included in this chapter. Various microbes produce and secrete hormones which helped the plants in nutrient uptake such as N, P, and Fe. Exogenous use of such microbes help plants in correcting nutrient deficiency under abiotic stresses. This chapter focused on the recent developments in the knowledge related to PHs and their involvement in abiotic stresses of anticipation, signaling, cross-talk, and activation of response mechanisms. In view of role of hormones and capability of microbes in producing hormones, we propose the use of hormones and microbes as potential strategy for crop stress management.Öğe Prospective role of plant growth regulators for tolerance to abiotic stresses(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Sabagh, Ayman E. L.; Hossain, Akbar; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Amanet, Khizer; Mubeen, Muhammad; Nasim, WajidAbiotic stresses (heat, drought, salinity, and heavy metals) are projected to drastically reduce crop yields leading to seriously jeopardizing the food security of increasing population across the globe. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are natural or synthetic substances that regulate the growth and differentiation of plant cells, tissues, and organs. Although the roles of PGRs in improving plant growth and development are well documented, their role in plant stress tolerance is continued to be explored. Among the PGRs, auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, nitric oxide, brassinosteroids, strigolactones, and polyamines have got the attention of the researchers as a sustainable source to improve abiotic stress tolerance under changing climate. Recently, numerous advancements have led to identify PGRs effects and to understand how plant growth responses are regulated by PGRs under abiotic stress. Different strategies are being employed to improve plant growth under abiotic conditions; the application of PGRs in crops offers good outcomes. However, it needs more researches and discussions on the said subject. Therefore, this chapter is focused on the stress management and role of PGRs in conferring abiotic stress tolerance under changing climate as it will play a key role to policymakers' food, nutritional, environmental, and economic security for the present and future generation demand. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.Öğe Role of transporters during heavy metals toxicity in plants(CRC Press, 2021) Naz, Misbah; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Okana, Sytar; Disna, Ratnasekera; Hossain, Akbar; Mubeen, Muhammad[No abstract available]Öğe Salinity Stress in Cotton: Adverse Effects, Survival Mechanisms and Management Strategies(CRC Press, 2021) EL Sabagh, Ayman; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Hossain, Akbar; Mubeen, Muhammad; Jabeen, Tasmiya; Waleed, Mirza[No abstract available]Öğe World nations priorities on climate change and food security(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Ul Din, Muhammad Sami; Mubeen, Muhammad; Hussain, Sajjad; Ahmad, Ashfaq; Hussain, Nazim; Ali, Muhammad Anjum; Sabagh, Ayman ElThe present food system (including production, transportation, processing, packaging, storing, retail, and consumption) is a source of nutrition for the great majority of the world population in addition to supporting the livelihoods of about 200 million people. Food supply per capita has increased by more than 30% since 1961, this is accompanied by more use of nitrogen fertilizers (showing an increase of about 800%) and water resources for irrigation (with an increase of more than 100%). Global food security will continue to be an international concern for the coming 50 years and even beyond. Crop yield has fallen in many areas recently due to decreasing investments in infrastructure and research, as well as due to growing water scarcity. Climate change is a global concern irrespective of borders. The poor nations are highly vulnerable to climate change and are at high risk. Food security is directly dependant on the food chain and the associated food system process. All dimensions of food security could be affected by climate change in complex ways. Approximately, 15 countries are highly vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change, from Asia and Africa. Most of these nations are not able to cope with or counter the impact of climate change on an urgent basis. However, some countries have developed their national strategies and adaptation plans to alleviate the negative impacts of climate change. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
