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    A new hybrid CFD approach to study the impact of forced convection on radiant cooled wall with baseboard diffuser including various vane angles
    (Elsevier BV, 2025-07) Melek Caliskan Temiz; Aykut Bacak; Muhammet Camci; Yakup Karakoyun; Ozgen Acikgoz; Ahmet Selim Dalkilic
    The current work examines the effect of forced convection on thermal comfort in a space, including radiant wall cooling and an innovative floor-level diffuser system. It examines the impact of various vane angles on thermal comfort in room air conditioning at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75°, and employs experimental data to confirm a hybrid 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. A new floor-level diffuser system delivers air at temperatures between 18 °C and 22 °C, with supply air velocities of 5 m/s and 10 m/s measured at the exit side of diffuser while the supply water temperature is kept constant at 14 °C. In the hybrid 3D solution, experimentally derived convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTCs) for forced airflow are utilized. This is accomplished by merging a k-ω model with a hydronic radiant panel system that incorporates forced convection. The analysis examines temperature and velocity distributions, CHTCs on the radiant-cooled wall, and the PMV-PPD components. Results indicate that at a supply air velocity of 5 m/s, thermal comfort parameters do not satisfy PMV and PPD indices, except in proximity to the diffuser. Nevertheless, elevating the supply air velocity to 10 m/s ensures thermal comfort across the space, with the exception of regions next to the cooled wall surfaces. The examination of several vane angles indicated that a 45° angle yields the most advantageous thermal comfort conditions, irrespective of air velocity. The CHTC adjacent to the radiant wall is roughly 6 W/m2K at a velocity of 5 m/s and rises to 8 W/m2K at 10 m/s. The temperature disparity between the head and ankle regions at 5 m/s adheres to the 3 °C tolerance established by international standards. The study determines that a 45° vane angle ensures best thermal comfort, and the devised numerical method yields significant insights for the construction of analogous indoor settings.