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    Effect of Coach Encouragement on the Psychophysiological and Performance Responses of Young Tennis Players
    (Mdpi, 2019) Kilit, Bulent; Arslan, Ersan; Akca, Firat; Aras, Dicle; Soylu, Yusuf; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Nikolaidis, Pantelis Theodoros
    This study aimed to compare the effects of coach encouragement during the on-court tennis training drills (OTDs) on the psychophysiological and performance responses of young tennis players. Twenty-five young male tennis players (14.0 +/- 0.3 years of age) performed six bouts of each of the four common OTDs; Star, Suicide, Box and Big X (30:60 s; 1:2 work to rest ratio). The heart rate (HR) and total distance covered were monitored using two portable multivariable integrated 10 Hz GPS monitoring devices during all OTDs, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE-10) and short form Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) values were determined after each OTDs bout. The results demonstrated that OTDs with coach encouragement induced significantly higher psychophysiological and performance responses compared to OTDs without coach encouragement (p < 0.05). The results of this study confirm that coach encouragement improves the intensity, performance and physical enjoyment level during OTDs. These findings might inform training practices in youth tennis players in order to improve tennis performance.
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    EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING VS. ON-COURT TENNIS TRAINING IN YOUNG TENNIS PLAYERS
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019) Kilit, Bulent; Arslan, Ersan
    This study aimed to examine the effects of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. 6 weeks of on-court tennis training (OTT) on the psychophysiological responses, performance responses, and technical scores of young tennis players. Twenty-nine young male tennis players (aged 13.8 +/- 0.4 years) were divided into HIIT (n = 14) and OTT groups (n = 15). Both groups trained for the same total training duration with passive rest in each session. Pre-test and post-test included maximum oxygen consumption ((V)overdoto(2) max), sprinting, jumping, 400-m running time, a tennis-specific technical test, and the t-drill agility test. The training interventions resulted in similar improvements in (V)over doto(2) max responses (HIIT: +5.2%, d = 1.36 [large effect]; OTT: +5.5%, d = 1.50 [large effect]). Both training protocols increased jumping and sprinting performances significantly from pre-testing to post-testing (p < 0.05, d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.10). The OTT group showed significantly higher performance responses in terms of the agility test performance and technical scores (p < 0.05, d= ranging from 0.77 to 0.88 [moderate effect]) compared with the HIIT group. By contrast, the HIIT group exhibited significantly higher performance responses in terms of the 400-m running time (p < 0.05, d= 1.32 [large effect]). Our results showed that tennis-specific on-court drills might be a more effective training strategy to improve agility and technical ability with greater physical enjoyment, whereas HIIT may be more appropriate for speed-based conditioning in young tennis players.
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    Effects of self-paced high-intensity interval training and moderate- intensity continuous training on the physical performance and psychophysiological responses in recreationally active young adults
    (Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2021) Soylu, Yusuf; Arslan, Ersan; Sogut, Mustafa; Kilit, Bulent; Clemente, Filipe
    This study aimed to compare the effects of 8-week self-paced high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. self-paced moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the physical performance and psychophysiological responses of young adults. Twenty-eight recreationally active young adults (age: 21.1 +/- 1.6 years) were randomly assigned to either the self-paced HIIT (n = 14) or the MICT (n = 14) group training protocol. The HIIT consisted of two 12-24 x 30 seconds of high-intensity runs interspersed by 30 seconds of recovery. The MICT completed 24-48 minutes of continuous running. Before and after the 8-week interventions the following tests were completed: maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) estimated from the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRTL-1), repeated sprint ability (RSA), 10-30-m sprint test, change of direction test (T-drill), countermovement jump (CMI) and squat jump (Si), and triple hop distance test (THD). Training rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) were assessed during the training programme. The HIIT resulted in greater improvement in YYIRTL-1, VO2max, RSA and T-drill performances compared to the MICT. Furthermore, RPE and PACES values were higher in the HIIT than the MICT. This study suggested that self-paced HIIT may be a more effective training regime to improve aerobic fitness with greater physical enjoyment in recreationally active young adults.
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    MULTI-INSTRUMENT ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN FEMALE OFFICE WORKERS
    (Nofer Inst Occupational Medicine, Poland, 2016) Can, Sema; Gunduz, Nevin; Arslan, Ersan; Biernat, Elzbieta; Ersoz, Gulfem; Kilit, Bulent
    Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the multi-instrument assessment of physical activity in female office workers. Material and Methods: Fifty healthy women (age (mean +/- standard deviation): 34.8 +/- 5.9 years, body height: 158 +/- 0.4 cm, body weight: 61.8 +/- 7.5 kg, body mass index: 24.6 +/- 2.7 kg/m(2)) workers from the same workplace volunteered to participate in the study. Physical activity was measured with the 7-day Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (7-d PAAQ), an objective multi-sensor armband tool, and also a waist-mounted pedometer, which were both worn for 7 days. Results: A significant correlation between step numbers measured by armband and pedometer was observed (r = 0.735), but the step numbers measured by these 2 methods were significantly different (10 941 +/- 2236 steps/day and 9170 +/- 2377 steps/day, respectively; p < 0.001). There was a weak correlation between the value of 7-d PAAQ total energy expenditure and the value of armband total energy expenditure (r = 0.394, p = 0.005). However, total energy expenditure values measured by armband and 7-d PAAQ were not significantly different (2081 +/- 370 kcal/day and 2084 +/- 197 kcal/day, respectively; p = 0.96). In addition, physical activity levels (average daily metabolic equivalents (MET)) measured by armband and 7-d PAAQ were not significantly different (1.45 +/- 0.12 MET/day and 1.47 +/- 0.24 MET/day, respectively; p = 0.44). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the correlation between pedometer and armband measurements was higher than that between armband measurements and 7-d PAAQ self-reports. Our results suggest that none of the assessment methods examined here, 7-d PAAQ, pedometer, or armband, is sufficient when used as a single tool for physical activity level determination. Therefore, multi-instrument assessment methods are preferable.
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    Physiological Responses and Match Characteristics in Professional Tennis Players During a One-Hour Simulated Tennis Match
    (Sciendo, 2016) Kilit, Bulent; Senel, Omer; Arslan, Ersan; Can, Sema
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of serve and return game situations on physiological responses and match characteristics in professional male tennis players during one hour-long simulated singles tennis matches. Ten internationally ranked tennis players (age 22.2 +/- 2.8 years; body height 180.7 +/- 4.4 cm; body mass 75.9 +/- 8.9 kg) participated in this study. Their physiological responses were measured using two portable analyzers during indoor hard court matches. Ratings of perceived exertion were also determined at the end of the game. The variables describing the characteristics of the matches determined from video recordings were: (a) duration of rallies; (b) rest time; (c) work-to-rest ratio; (d) effective playing time; and (d) strokes per rally. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between serving and returning conditions in an hour-long simulated singles tennis match in terms of oxygen uptake, a heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, pulmonary ventilation, respiration frequency and a respiratory gas exchange ratio. In addition, both the heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion responses were moderately correlated with the duration of rallies and strokes per rally (r = 0.60 to 0.26; p<0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that the serve game situation has a significant effect on the physiological response in an hour-long simulated tennis match between professional male tennis players. These findings might be used for the physiological adaptations required for tennis-specific aerobic endurance.
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    Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of young tennis players: comparison of serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Kilit, Bulent; Arslan, Ersan
    The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of young tennis players between serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches during simulated tennis match play. Heart rate (HR) and skin temperature (ST) were monitored along with total distance covered in four different speed zoneswalking, low-intensity running, moderate-intensity running and high-intensity running, using two portable multivariable integrated 10Hz GPS monitoring devices over fourteen outdoor clay court matches; ratings of perceived exertion were also determined at the end of the game. Variables describing the characteristics of the matches determined from video recordings were: strokes per rally, rally duration, effective playing time, work-to-rest ratio and rest time between rallies. The results showed no significant differences in physiological responses and time-motion characteristics both serve vs. return games and winners vs. losers matches (p>.05). These findings might be used for the training programmes in order to improve the tennis-specific technical and performance required for young tennis players.
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    Playing tennis matches on clay court surfaces are associated with more perceived enjoyment response but less perceived exertion compared to hard courts
    (Univ Palackeho & Olomouci, Fak Telesne Kultury, 2018) Kilit, Bulent; Arslan, Ersan
    Background: A few studies have shown that different types of court surfaces can have different effects on tennis match performance in different age groups, however, no studies have researched on tennis match performance responses in young tennis players. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different court surfaces on psychophysiological responses, time-motion and match characteristics of young tennis players. Methods: Twenty-six young male tennis players (age 13.0 +/- 0.3 years, body height 158 +/- 8 cm, body mass 48 +/- 7 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Heart rate was monitored along with total distance covered in four different speed zoneswalking, low-intensity running, moderate-intensity running and high-intensity running, using two portable multivariable integrated 10 Hz GPS monitoring devices over twenty-six outdoor tennis matches; ratings of perceived exertion and enjoyment level were also determined at the end of the matches. Variables describing the characteristics of the matches determined from video recordings were: strokes per rally, rally duration, effective playing time, work-to-rest ratio and rest time between rallies. Differences between hard and clay courts were assessed by a paired t-test. Results: The results showed that clay court surfaces induced significantly more perceived enjoyment scores (29.4 +/- 2.8 vs. 26.0 +/- 3.2) with lower perceived exertion level (13.4 +/- 2.7 vs. 14.4 +/- 2.9) compared to hard courts. Moreover, a clay court surface is also more effective at improving physiological responses, time-motion and match characteristics compared to hard court. Conclusions: If a coach strives to improve their young tennis players' tennis-specific performance with greater physical enjoyment, clay court surfaces should be specially used in their tennis training season.
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    Short-term effects of on-field combined core strength and small-sided games training on physical performance in young soccer players
    (Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2021) Arslan, Ersan; Soylu, Yusuf; Clemente, Filipe Manuel; Hazir, Tahir; Isler, Ayse Kin; Kilit, Bulent
    This study aimed to compare the effects of 6-weeks combined core strength and small-sided games training (SSG(core)) vs. small-sided games (SSG) training on the physical performance of young soccer players. Thirty-eight amateur soccer players (age: 16.50 +/- 0.51 years) were randomly assigned to either a SSG(core) (n = 20) or a SSG group (n = 18). The SSG(core) group performed upper and lower body core strength exercises combined with SSG including 2-, 3- and 4-a-sided soccer games third a week. The SSG group performed only the SSG periodization. Baseline and after the 6-week training period the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIRTL-1), 5-20-m sprint test, countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (Si), triple-hop distance (THD), zigzag agility with ball (ZAWB) and without ball (ZAWOB), three corner run test (TCRT) and Y-balance test. The SSG core group demonstrated meaningful improvements in 20 m sprint time (SSG(core) : -9.1%, d = 1.42; SSG: -4.4%, d = 0.76), CMJ (SSG(core): 11.4%, d = 2.67; SSG: -7.7%, d = 1.43), SJ (SSG(core) : 12.0%, d = 2.14; SSG: 5.7%, d = 1.28), THD (SSG(core): 5.0%, d = 1.39; SSG: 2.7%, d = 0.52) and TCRT (SSG(core): -3.7%, d = 0.69; SSG: -1.9%, d= 0.38). Furthermore, the SSG(core) group demonstrated meaningfully higher improvement responses in both leg balance score (d = ranging from 2.11 to 2.75) compared with SSG group. These results suggest that the inclusion of core strength training to a SSG periodization is greatly effective to improve speed and strength-based conditioning in young soccer players.
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    TIME-MOTION CHARACTERISTICS, NOTATIONAL ANALYSIS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF TENNIS MATCH PLAY: A REVIEW
    (Drustvo Pedagoga Tjelesne & Zdravstvene Kulture, 2018) Kilit, Bulent; Arslan, Ersan; Soylu, Yusuf
    Tennis is a sport characterized by a combination of physical actions such as running at different speeds, acceleration, turns, strokes and game-specific actions. In this regard, competitive tennis players require not only well-developed aerobic endurance and anaerobic capacity, but also technical and tactical skills to achieve high levels of performance during training and matches. The aim of this review was to investigate the demands of competitive tennis match play in terms of physiological responses, time-motion characteristics and match analysis. Three sport science journal databases PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and SPORT Discus were screened for papers published until May 2018. The following keywords were used in various combinations with tennis: notational analysis, physiological demands, simulated match, time-motion, and match characteristic. In this review, studies had to meet follow inclusion criteria: cross sectional or longitudinal design, case control studies, or experimental studies electronically published in English. All studies demonstrated high methodological quality. This review presents a useful synthesis of all research into match performance in tennis, including the investigation of the internal and external load of the tennis match play and helps to guide for future research.