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    A systematic study of Thlaspi s.l. taxa in the sections Nomisma, Thlaspi and Pterotropis from Turkey based on fruit morphological and molecular data
    (Univ Zagreb, Fac Science, Div Biology, 2022) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Inal, Behcet; Erol, Osman
    The classification of Thlaspi s.l. is still problematic. Earlier phylogenetic research of the genus focused on several small groups within Thlaspi s.str. and lacked detailed morphological observations. The relationships among Eurasian taxa and the value of fruit morphology in defining them have yet to be studied. The aim of this study was to analyze 22 taxa belonging to the Nomisma, Thlaspi and Pterotropis sections of Thlaspi s.l. from Turkey using maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. We also analyzed the morphological features of the fruit. According to the results, the examined taxa fell into 2 main clades. Moreover, clade II showed 3 sub-clusters. Thlaspi huetii and T. aghricum were the most distant taxa with a distance of 0.49%; however, T. ochroleucum and T. violascens were found to be 99% similar. According to ITS region data based on multiple populations of each taxon, T. arvense, T. huetii, T. perfoliatum, T. violascens, T. cataonicum, T. elegans, T. rosulare and T. aghricum were placed together in one cluster, which indicates that they are monophyletic. Thlaspi elegans was found to be a polyploid complex based on bootstrap (BS) (a resampling technique that uses replacement sampling to estimate statistics in a population) values, which varied widely among the studied T. elegans taxa (98, 65 and 49%). Fruit morphology also supported the inter-specific relationships based on molecular data, and relationships found by ITS region data were compatible with fruit type and geographic distribution. A diagnostic key based on fruit morphology is provided for the identification of the examined Thlaspi taxa.
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    Biosystematics studies of endemic Thlaspi violascens Boiss. and T. densiflorum Boiss. & Kotschy: Highlights on molecular and morphological identification
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2025) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Eldem, Vahap; Inal, Behcet; Balci, Mehmet Ali
    This study focuses on differentiating the endemic species Thlaspi violascens and T. densiflorum, which exhibit similar macromorphological characteristics and population appearances with utilizing molecular, anatomical, and micromorphological methods. The complete chloroplast genomes of both species have been sequenced for the first time using next-generation sequencing technologies, allowing for high-resolution analysis of their phylogenetic relationships. The isolated chloroplast genomes measure 152,693 base pairs for T. violascens and 152,718 base pairs for T. densiflorum. Phylogenetic analysis shows that species within the Thlaspi genus are monophyletically distinct from other genera. Although the average nucleotide diversity between the two species is low, whole-genome sequencing-based Skmer analysis has successfully enabled high-resolution species-level discrimination. Anatomically, the two species differ in several aspects, including the type of petiole tip, abaxial surface outline, epidermal cell size and layer count, petiole thickness, vascular bundle number, midrib lobes, mesophyll cell types, and collenchyma layer count. Micromorphological differences are also evident in the primary structures of the anther and ovary, as well as the secondary structures of the sepal and style. Overall, the study concludes that chloroplast genome data, petiolar anatomical features, and floral micromorphological traits can effectively distinguish between T. violascens and T. densiflorum.
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    COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF SEEDS OF SOME AETHIONEMA WT AITON (BRASSICACEAE) TAXA FROM TURKEY
    (Bangladesh Assoc Plant Taxonomists, 2019) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz
    Seed morphology and anatomy are taxonomically significant in Brassicaceae. The seed structures of Aethionema from Turkey, which include 12 taxa (Aethionema syriacum, A. froedinii, A. arabicum, A. eunomioides, A. fimbriatum, A. speciosum subsp. speciosum, A. speciosum subsp. compactum, A. saxatile, A. oppositifolium, A. iberideum, A. armenum, A. grandiflorum) were studied for knowing seed morphological and anatomical features with one-way analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Seed size, shape and color were examined with stereomicroscopy. The surface patterns of seed were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, structure, and thicknesses of testa and endosperm were investigated anatomically. Thickness of testa and endosperm were of major significance to illustrate interspecific relations among the examined taxa.
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    CONTRIBUTION TO THE SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE OF ENDEMIC AUBRIETA PINARDII BOISS. (BRASSICACEAE) FROM TURKEY
    (Bangladesh Assoc Plant Taxonomists, 2020) Sirin, Emrah; Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz
    The aim of this study was to document the taxonomical, morphological, anatomical, palynological and cytological characters, and geographical distribution of endemic Aubrieta pinardii Boiss. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. The description of the taxon was revised as a consequence of comprehensive assessments of many specimens. The surface pictures belonging to seed and pollen of the taxon were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscope. The seed surface ornamentation was rugose. The pollen was radially and isopolar and prolate in forms, with polar axes of 19.52 +/- 0.29 mu m and equatorial axes of 13.04 +/- 0.22 mu m, with oval outlines in the equatorial axes, and elliptical in the polar axes. They were three-colpate and colpus sizes varied between 12.98 mu m and 13.29 mu m in length, and between 1.33 and 2.09 mu m in width. Also, the anatomical structures of the root, stem and leaf of species were studied. In cytological studies, the chromosome number of species was found as 2n = 16 (x =8). This was the first work including taxonomical, morphological (macro and micro), anatomical and cytological data of endemic Aubrieta pinardii.
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    Cytotaxonomy of Eight Thlaspi L. Sensu Lato (Brassicaceae) Species Endemic to Turkey
    (Univ Tokyo Cytologia, 2021) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Fidan, Mehmet
    In this work, the karyomorphology of eight endemic Thlaspi species (T. cariense, T. violascens, T. densiflorum, T. cataonicum, T. elegans, T. rosulare, T. lilacinum and T. aghricum) has been studied for the first time. The chromosome number is defined to be 2n=2x= 12 in T. cataonicum, 2n=2x= 14 in T. violascens, T. densiflorum, T. lilacinum, 2n=2x= 16 in T. cariense, 2n=2x= 18 in T. elegans, T. rosulare, and 2n=2x= 20 in T. aghricum. It is concluded that generally, species have symmetrical karyotypes, considering the asymmetry indices. The karyotypes of all the species examined have shown variation. Most of the chromosomes of the studied Thlaspi have centromeres at the median and submedian regions. Systematic and evolutionary perspectives of the studied species are debated as per chromosomal data.
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    New Chromosome Numbers in Five Cardamine Taxa from Turkey
    (Univ Tokyo Cytologia, 2021) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz
    In this study, chromosome numbers of five Cardamine taxa [C. bulbifera Crantz, C. impatiens var. pectinata (Pall. ex DC.) Trautv., C. lazica Boiss. & Bal., C. tenera Gmel ex Mey. and C. graeca L.] from Turkey have been informed for the first time. The chromosome numbers were determined as 2n=4x= 24 in C. bulbifera, 2n= 2x= 16 in C. impatiens var. pectinata and C. tenera, 2n=2x=14 in C. lazica, and 2n= 2x= 12 in C. graeca. Also, C. bulbifera was different from the others with having satellite. Chromosomes of the studied taxa were assessed according to the terms of a systematic overview of some previous cytogenetic reports.
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    NOTES ON Arabis kaynakiae Daskin (Brassicaceae), A CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES ENDEMIC TO TURKEY
    (Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2020) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Sirin, Emrah
    This study reports on the evaluation of the taxonomical, macro- and micro morphological, anatomical, palynological and cytological features, together with the geographical distribution of Arabis kaynakiae Daskin (Brassicaceae), a Critically Endangered (CR) species from Turkey. The description of the species was updated following detailed studies on new specimens found in Karaman/Ermenek. The surface microphotographs of seeds and pollen were obtained using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The seed surface ornamentation is papillate and its margins minutely tuberculate. Pollen grains appear tricolpate, isopolar, subprolate in shape, with polar axis of 19.62 +/- 0.33 mu m and equatorial axis of 12.94 +/- 0.17 mu m. The exine thickness ranges from 1.68 to 1.87 mu m; however, the intine thickness ranges from 0.21 to 0.39 mu m. Arabis kaynakiae has pollen of coarse reticulate type surface ornamentation with slightly undulated muri. Anatomical characters of root, stem and leaf of the species were also given. The cytological investigations revealed that A. kaynakiae is diploid with 2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes. The discovered population of A. kaynakiae increased the known distribution range of the species in Turkey, and an updated evaluation of the species considering the IUCN criteria was provided.
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    NOTES ON LEAF AND STEM ANATOMY OF Thlaspi sensu lato
    (Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2020) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Erol, Osman
    In this study, anatomical characteristics of leaves and stems of 19 taxa of Thlaspi sensu lato, 9 of which are endemic to Turkey, were investigated in order to determine taxonomic relationships among the studied taxa. The anatomical characteristics of all taxa were determined and assessed using the cluster analysis and the principal component analysis. The transverse sections of the leaves and stems exhibited various diagnostic characters in terms of the pattern of epidermal cell and mesophyll layers, the number and size of vascular bundles, and the thickness of the cortex and endodermis. Important differences were detected in number, size, and index of stomata, and in epidermal cell wall structures in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The results showed that the compared anatomical characteristics among taxa are partially compatible with their sectional delimitation in their traditional rank in The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. The results also point out that some taxonomic re-arrangements may be required.
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    Petiole Anatomy of 21 Representatives of Tribe Alysseae (Brassicaceae) from Turkey
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2020) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz
    This paper presents in detail petiole anatomy of 21 representatives of tribe Alysseae, 5 of which are endemic from Turkey. In the examined taxa, differences have found in the petiole shape, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, and the presence of collenchyma. Petiole shapes are in sulcate, circular, or flat types. The most common type is sulcate with blunt or acute margins. The epidermises are in 1, 2 or more layer. The number of vascular bundles in the examined taxa varies between 1 (Berteroa mutabilis) and 9 (Alyssum strictum and A. strigosum subsp. strigosum) in total. In addition, vascular bundles in the middle are broadly or narrowly arc-shaped with 1-5 lobed. These results display that the compared petiole anatomical characteristics among the examined taxa are somewhat suitable to their delimitation in traditional rank in the Flora of Turkey.
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    Seed micromorphology and anatomy of 36 Muscari (Asparagaceae) taxa from Turkey with notes on their systematic importance
    (Univ Zagreb, Fac Science, Div Biology, 2021) Eroglu, Huseyin; Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Pinar, Suleyman Mesut; Fidan, Mehmet
    - This study presents the first in-depth evaluation of the morphological and anatomical characters, as well as their taxonomic importance, of the seeds of 36 taxa in subgenera Muscari, Leopoldia, Pseudomuscari and Botryanthus of the genus Muscari in Turkey, where 24 of the taxa are endemic. The results indicate that the taxa generally differ from each other in terms of seed shape and dimension. Seed dimensions vary between 1.66 mm and 3.21 mm in length, and between 1.12 mm and 2.63 mm in width. The seed surface ornamentation is grouped into nine forms: ru- minate, reticulate, reticulate-areolate, reticulate-foveate, alveolate, scalariform, rugose, verrucate and areolate. The most common type is ruminate, while areolate, reticulate-foveate and scalariform ornamentation forms were found to be taxon-specific. Testa structures of the taxa examined consist in general of two different layers: the epidermis and the subepidermis in scleranchymatous or parenchymatous structures. The subepidermis may be absent in some of taxa. The structure and thickness of the epidermis and the subepidermis are very important characteristics that dis- close interspecific relations among the examined taxa. We also provide a key for the identification of the studied taxa based on seed features.
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    Seed Morpho-Anatomical Characters of Some Cardamine taxa from Turkey
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz
    This manuscript includes morphological and anatomical characters of seeds of 7 taxa of Cardamino genus from Turkey and the importance of these characteristics from a systematic perspective. The outcomes demonstrate that the taxaaccepted vary in terms of seed shape and dimension. The seed dimension varies between 0.91 mm and 2.20 mm in length and between 0.41 mm and 1.63 mm in width, Cardamine graeca having the biggest and C. tenera having the smallest seeds. The seed surface ornamentation is categorized into five types: reticulate-alveolate, scalariform, reticulate, foveate and reticulate-foveate. The most common type is scalariform and reticulate, however; foveate, reticulateloyeate and reticulate-alveolate ornamentation types have been noticed to be taxon-specific. The testa is mostly occurred with 3 layers: the outer epidermis, the inner epidermis, and the parenchyma. layer. However, C. tenera and C. graeca taxa have an additional inner testa layer under the outer testa. The shapes and thicknesses of the outer epidermis and the inner epidermis, presence of the inner testa and the parenchyma layer are very important characteristics that, disclose inter-specific relations within the studied species. Moreover, key is offered for the identification of the studied taxa based on seed characters.
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    Seed Morphological and Anatomical Structures as Taxonomy Tool for Turkish Hyacinthella Schur (Asparagaceae) Taxa
    (Magnolia Press, 2022) Eroglu, Huseyin; Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Fidan, Mehmet; Pinar, Suleyman Mesut
    This paper offers the first taxonomic assessment of the morphological and anatomical characters of the seeds of 11 Hyacinthella taxa from Turkey, ten of them are endemic, with the cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Macro-morphologically, all studied species can be differentiated from each other by the seed characters such as shape, size and surface ornamentation. The studied seeds are separated into 5 shapes; triangularis, circularis, ellipticus, ellipticus-late and ovatus. Seed size ranges from 1.51 mm to 3.06 mm in length and from 1.06 mm to 2.04 mm in width. Micro -morphologically, seed surface ornamentation is grouped into 7 types: rugose, reticulate-pusticulate, verrucate, tuberculate, ruminate, reticulate-foveate and alveolate. Anatomically, testa structures of the studied seeds are usually consisted of single layer, the epidermis, formed in the sclerenchymatous tissue. The epidermis layer demonstrates significant differences in cell form, comprising of crushed, flat or polygonal cells, in 1-7 layers, and has surged or straight wall form. The thickness of testa layers varies between 15.77 mu m (in H. micrantha) and 49.76 mu m (in H. campanulata). In the systematics of the genus Hyacinthella, the seed morphological and anatomical characters are very important characteristics that reveal inter-specific relationships among the studied species. Also, a dichotomous key is provided for the identification of the examined species based on seed characters.
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    Trichome micromorphology of the genusStachyssect.Fragilicaulissubsect.Fragilisand its taxonomic implications
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Guner, Ozal
    The leaf, stem, calyx, and corolla indumentum of seven endemic taxa belonging toStachyssubsect.Fragiles, growing in Turkey, were micromorphologically and anatomically analyzed under scanning electron and light microscopes with the use of cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis. We detected 10 trichome types on the leaf, seven trichome types on the stem and calyx, and eight trichome types on the corolla. Especially, the type and distribution of the trichomes on the calyx and corolla surfaces were quite different. The calyx and corolla had seven and eight trichome types, including glandular or non-glandular, in the examined taxa, respectively. The most common type observed was a short clavate glandular trichome; however, conical thin-walled unicellular hairs were specific for the studied taxa. No branched trichomes were observed. In the examined taxa, the indumentum indicated variations and some important similarities. The indumentum types have a high taxonomical value for the species of the genus. A key has been offered for the identification of the studied taxa based on the trichome characters, by comparing the key of classic taxonomic characters.