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    Generation of fractal curves using new binary 8-point interpolatory subdivision scheme
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Ghaffar, Abdul; Javed, Sadia; Mustafa, Ghulam; Akgul, Ali; Hassani, Murad Khan
    The subdivision scheme is a valuable tool for designing shapes and representing geometry in computer-aided geometric design. It has excellent geometric properties, such as fractals and adjustable shape. In this research paper, we explore the generation of fractal curves using a novel binary 8-point interpolatory subdivision scheme with two parameters. We analyse different properties of the proposed scheme, including convergence, special cases, and fractals. Additionally, we demonstrate through various examples the relationship between the shape parameters and the fractal behaviour of the resulting curve. Our research also identifies a specific range of shape parameters that can effectively produce fractal curves. The findings of this study provide a fast and efficient method for generating fractals, as demonstrated by numerous examples. Modelling examples show that the 8-point interpolatory scheme can enhance the efficiency of computer design for complex models.
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    Impact of Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Contamination on the Environment and Human Health
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Zuhra, Naqshe; Akhtar, Tayyaba; Yasin, Muhammad Rizwan; Mushtaq, Zain; Sajjad, Hassan; Javed, Sadia; Chaudhary, Ayesha
    This chapter examines fluorides and fluorocarbons, their relevance, sources, exposures, metabolic processes, adverse consequences, and environmental consequences. It investigates historical contexts, prevalence in diverse sectors, and the links between fluoride levels in drinking water and their health consequences. The discussion focused on the ingestion and absorption processes, as well as the health repercussions of excessive exposure, with a particular emphasis on skeletal and dental fluorosis. It also explores the ecological effects of fluoride contamination on aquatic environments, animal, and plant species. The major focus is on the challenges of controlling and eliminating environmental pollution, highlighting the need for effective strategies and solutions. The study looked at the effects of water fluoridation on human health, especially skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, and possibly neurological repercussions. The findings highlight the importance of ethical issues in the practice of fluoridation. It is critical to weigh the benefits and drawbacks, as well as to assess the problem of individual consent against public usage of fluoride. Furthermore, this chapter examines techniques and solutions for eliminating pollutants, with a particular emphasis on measures for lowering fluoride levels in dirty water and advances in water treatment technology. It emphasized the need for community-based measures to combat fluorosis. Finally, the chapter outlined future research goals aimed at identifying information gaps, investigating emerging technologies for monitoring and restoration, and proposing policy recommendations for ecological management. This chapter offers a comprehensive guide for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working to lessen the impact of fluorides and fluorocarbons on human health and the environment. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.