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Öğe Breeding for water-use efficiency in wheat: progress, challenges and prospects(Springer, 2024) Hafeez, Aqsa; Ali, Shehzad; Javed, Muhammad Ammar; Iqbal, Rashid; Khan, Muhammad Nauman; Cig, Fatih; EL Sabagh, AymanDrought poses a significant challenge to wheat production globally, leading to substantial yield losses and affecting various agronomic and physiological traits. The genetic route offers potential solutions to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) in wheat and mitigate the negative impacts of drought stress. Breeding for drought tolerance involves selecting desirable plants such as efficient water usage, deep root systems, delayed senescence, and late wilting point. Biomarkers, automated and high-throughput techniques, and QTL genes are crucial in enhancing breeding strategies and developing wheat varieties with improved resilience to water scarcity. Moreover, the role of root system architecture (RSA) in water-use efficiency is vital, as roots play a key role in nutrient and water uptake. Genetic engineering techniques offer promising avenues to introduce desirable RSA traits in wheat to enhance drought tolerance. These technologies enable targeted modifications in DNA sequences, facilitating the development of drought-tolerant wheat germplasm. The article highlighted the techniques that could play a role in mitigating drought stress in wheat.Öğe Effect of slow release nitrogenous fertilizers and biochar on growth, physiology, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of sunflower under arid climate(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Waqar, Muhammad; Habib-ur-Rahman, Muhammad; Hasnain, Muhammad Usama; Iqbal, Shahid; Ghaffar, Abdul; Iqbal, Rashid; Hussain, Muhammad IftikharSunflower plants need nitrogen consistently and in higher amount for optimum growth and development. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of sunflower crop is low due to various nitrogen (N) losses. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the advanced strategies to minimize N losses and also improve sunflower productivity under arid climatic conditions. A field trial was conducted with four slow release nitrogenous fertilizers [SRNF (bacterial, neem, and sulfur-coated urea and N loaded biochar)] and three N levels (100% = 148 kg N-ha(-1), 80% = 118 kg N-ha(-1), and 60% = 89 kg N-ha(-1)) of recommended application (100%) for sunflower crop under arid climatic conditions. Results showed that neem-coated urea at 148 kg N-ha(-1) significantly enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) (19.16 g-m(-2)-d(-1)) at 60-75 days after sowing (DAS); leaf area index (2.12, 3.62, 5.97, and 3.00) at 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS; and total dry matter (14.27, 26.29, 122.67, 410, and 604.33 g m(-2)) at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS. Furthermore, higher values of net leaf photosynthetic rate (25.2 mu mol m(-2) -s(-1)), transpiration rate (3.66 mmol-s(-1)), and leaf stomatal conductance (0.39 mol-m(-2)-s(-1)) were recorded for the same treatment. Similarly, neem-coated urea produced maximum achene yield (2322 kg ha(-1)), biological yield (9000 kg-ha(-1)), and harvest index (25.8%) of the sunflower crop. Among various N fertilizers, neem-coated urea showed maximum NUE (20.20 kg achene yield kg(-1) N applied) in comparison to other slow release N fertilizers. Similarly, nitrogen increment N-60 showed maximum NUE (22.40 kg grain yield-kg(-1) N applied) in comparison to N-80 and N-100. In conclusion, neem-coated urea with 100% and 80% of recommended N would be recommended for farmers to get better sunflower productivity with sustainable production and to reduce the environmental nitrogen losses.Öğe Effect of slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers on dry matter accumulation, grain nutritional quality, water productivity and wheat yield under an arid environment(Nature Portfolio, 2022) Ghafoor, Iqra; Rahman, Muhammad Habib Ur; Hasnain, Muhammad Usama; Ikram, Rao Muhammad; Khan, Mahmood Alam; Iqbal, Rashid; Hussain, Muhammad IftikharSlow release nitrogenous fertilizers can improve crops production and reduce the environmental challenges in agro-ecosystem. There is a need to test the efficiency and performance under arid climatic conditions. The study investigates the effect of slow-release fertilizers (urea, neem coated urea (NCU), sulfur coated urea (SCU) and bioactive sulfur coated urea (BSCU)) on the growth, productivity and grain nutritional qualities of wheat crop. Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) with nitrogen levels (130,117,104 and 94 kg ha(-1)) were applied with equal splits at sowing, 20 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). Research showed that the BSCU with 130 kg ha(-1) increased dry matter accumulation (1989 kg ha(-1)) after anthesis and grain yield 4463 kg ha(-1). The higher plant height (102 cm) was attained by 130 kg N ha(-1) SCU while the minimum (77.67 cm) recorded for 94 kg N ha(-1) as urea source. Maximum grain NPK concentrations (3.54, 0.66 and 1.07%) were recorded by BSCU 130 kg N ha(-1) application. While, the minimum NPK (0.77, 0.19 and 0.35%) were observed by Urea 94 kg N ha(-1). The high irrigation water use efficiency (WUE) recorded (20.92 kg ha(-1) mm(-1)) and a crop index of 25.52% by BSCU 130 kg N ha(-1) application. Research findings show that generally all SRF but particularly BSCU proved effective and can be recommended for wheat crop under arid environment.Öğe Exploring the recuperative potential of brassinosteroids and nano-biochar on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat under drought stress(Nature Portfolio, 2023) Raza, Muhammad Aown Sammar; Ibrahim, Muhammad Arif; Ditta, Allah; Iqbal, Rashid; Aslam, Muhammad Usman; Muhammad, Faqeer; Ali, ShehzadDrought stress as a result of rapidly changing climatic conditions has a direct negative impact on crop production especially wheat which is the 2nd staple food crop. To fulfill the nutritional demand under rapidly declining water resources, there is a dire need to adopt a precise, and efficient approach in the form of different amendments. In this regard, the present study investigated the impact of nano-biochar (NBC) and brassinosteroids (BR) in enhancing the growth and productivity of wheat under different drought stress conditions. The field study comprised different combinations of amendments (control, NBC, BR, and NBC+BR) under three irrigation levels (D-0, D-1 and D-2). Among different treatments, the synergistic approach (NBC+BR) resulted in the maximum increase in different growth and yield parameters under normal as well as drought stress conditions. With synergistic approach (NBC+BR), the maximum plant height (71.7 cm), spike length (17.1), number of fertile tillers m(-2) (410), no. of spikelets spike(-1) (19.1), no. of grains spike(-1) (37.9), 1000 grain weight (37 g), grain yield (4079 kg ha(-1)), biological yield (10,502 kg ha(-1)), harvest index (43.5). In the case of physiological parameters such as leaf area index, relative water contents, chlorophyll contents, and stomatal conductance were maximally improved with the combined application of NBC and BR. The same treatment caused an increase of 54, 10, and 7% in N, P, and K contents in grains, respectively compared to the control treatment. Similarly, the antioxidant response was enhanced in wheat plants under drought stress with the combined application of NBC and BR. In conclusion, the combined application of NBC and BR caused a significant increase in the growth, physiological and yield attributes of wheat under drought stress.Öğe The use of Multispectral Radio-Meter (MSR5) data for wheat crop genotypes identification using machine learning models(Nature Portfolio, 2023) Jamil, Mutiullah; Rehman, Hafeezur; Zaheer, Muhammad Saqlain; Tariq, Aqil; Iqbal, Rashid; Hasnain, Muhammad Usama; Majeed, AsmaSatellite remote sensing is widely being used by the researchers and geospatial scientists due to its free data access for land observation and agricultural activities monitoring. The world is suffering from food shortages due to the dramatic increase in population and climate change. Various crop genotypes can survive in harsh climatic conditions and give more production with less disease infection. Remote sensing can play an essential role in crop genotype identification using computer vision. In many studies, different objects, crops, and land cover classification is done successfully, while crop genotypes classification is still a gray area. Despite the importance of genotype identification for production planning, a significant method has yet to be developed to detect the genotypes varieties of crop yield using multispectral radiometer data. In this study, three genotypes of wheat crop (Aas-'2011', 'Miraj-'08', and 'Punjnad-1) fields are prepared for the investigation of multispectral radio meter band properties. Temporal data (every 15 days from the height of 10 feet covering 5 feet in the circle in one scan) is collected using an efficient multispectral Radio Meter (MSR5 five bands). Two hundred yield samples of each wheat genotype are acquired and manually labeled accordingly for the training of supervised machine learning models. To find the strength of features (five bands), Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Nonlinear Discernment Analysis (NDA) are performed besides the machine learning models of the Extra Tree Classifier (ETC), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression (LR), k Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with detailed of configuration settings. ANN and random forest algorithm have achieved approximately maximum accuracy of 97% and 96% on the test dataset. It is recommended that digital policymakers from the agriculture department can use ANN and RF to identify the different genotypes at farmer's fields and research centers. These findings can be used for precision identification and management of the crop specific genotypes for optimized resource use efficiency.Öğe Zinc and amino acids improve the growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of corn under different irrigation levels(Elsevier, 2024) Elshamly, Ayman M. S.; Iqbal, Rashid; Ali, Baber; Ahmed, Iftikhar; Akram, Muhammad Irfan; Ali, Shehzad; Ditta, AllahThe global challenge of food security is threatened by drought stress. Exogenous application of zinc and amino acids could alleviate the negative impacts of water shortage on the growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of plants. Based on this hypothesis, a field study was conducted to assess the effects of chelated zinc applied through irrigation systems and foliar amino acids on the growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of corn, under three irrigation levels at the recommended irrigation level (100%), and at 75% and 50% of the recommended rate. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design in triplicate. Treatment effects on yield varied with intensity and duration of water stress. An irrigation level of 100% means the normal supply of recommended water. In results, the implementation of irrigation levels on corn led to varying impacts on yield, depending on the intensity and duration of the water stress. Plants responded by reallocating nutrient accumulation within their tissues, which played a crucial role in mitigating the negative effects of water stress. The application of zinc and amino acids individually showed positive effects on corn improvement, as these promoted antioxidant defense systems and enhanced corn yield. However, the combined application of foliar amino acids and soil-applied zinc, particularly under the 75% irrigation level, had a tremendous effect on various examined parameters. There was an increase in catalase by 65.9%, superoxide dismutase by 17.1%, and peroxidase by 15.1%, resulting in improved corn yield by 114.6% and decreased hydrogen peroxide contents by 74.2% compared to control. In conclusion, adopting 75% of the applied water and treating corn plants with a combination of zinc and amino acids resulted in the highest yield, nutrient accumulation, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll contents, relative water contents, and carbohydrate levels.
