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    Overviewing of weed management practices to reduce weed seed bank and to increase maize yield
    (Univ Federal Vicosa, 2020) Maqsood, Qaiser; Abbas, Rana N.; Iqbal, Muhammad A.; Serap, Kizil A.; Iqbal, Asif; El Sabagh, Ayman
    Background: Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which deteriorate the quality of agricultural products and interfere with farming activities. Most of the weeds (indigenous and invasive) seeds get preserved in soil horizons as weed seed bank which ensure their survival leading to the spoilage of quantitative and qualitative functioning of agricultural farms. Objective: To keep weeds below threshold level, elimination of weeds seed before germination can be a viable and pro-ecological approach. To achieve this objective, weed seeds reserved in the soil which serve as an effective pool to ensure their survival necessitate weed-seed bank management. Thus the ultimate goal was to synthesize and analyze research findings on weed seed bank management leading to formulating the most effective strategy encompassing viable control of weeds in maize. Methods: This study reviewed and analyzed the characteristics which impart botanical superiority to weeds and impact of all prevalent weed control strategies on weed seed bank, weeds density and maize yield. The research findings pertaining to different agronomic practices and technological packages were critically analyzed to sort out the most effective and eco-friendly approach to control weed-seed bank and weeds density in maize crop. Results: The synthesis and critical evaluation of research findings pertaining to weed control methods revealed that manual and mechanical methods were eco-friendly but involved expensive labor, while the chemical approach involving the use of herbicides led to serious deterioration of agro-environmental resources. Two or more techniques used in coherence which encompassed deep tillage to burry weeds seed and prevented their germination through mulches of biotic and synthetic materials along with optimizing sowing method especially raised bed technique reduced weed seed bank and weeds density in maize. Conclusions: It is inferred that integrated approach entailing cultural, manual, mechanical and chemical control can be developed as a pro environmental and farmer friendly approach for weed control by reducing weed seed reserves which can potentially lead to higher economic returns through higher maize yield.
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    Temperate Forage Legumes Production, Weeds Dynamics, and Soil C:N Economy Under Organic Wastes
    (Springer Nature, 2022) Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Iqbal, Asif; Seydoşoğlu, Seyithan; Turan, Nizamettin; Ozyazici, Mehmet Arif; EL Sabagh, Ayman
    Environmental pollution caused by leaching and volatilization of mineral fertilizers from agricultural fields especially in temperate climates has aggravated under changing climate. Utilizing organic wastes from poultry sheds and dairy farms for crops production can be a way forward towards their eco-friendly disposal and curbing environmental hazards. This review synthesizes and analyzes the use of organic manures for forage legumes production and their impact on feed value, soil fertility, microbial biomass, weeds infestation, and economic turnouts in temperate regions. The feasibility of adopting organic wastes as a conventional source of plant nutrients or continuity of their use as a fringe farming activity has also been assessed. The increment in the forage yield of legumes such as white clover, lucerne, red clover, sub-clover, birdsfoot trefoil, etc. under chemical fertilizers widened the yield gap between organic and mineral manures management systems. However, organic materials improved the nutritional quality of temperate legumes owing to increased activity of proteinase enzyme, better absorption, and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorous, production of effective carboxyl and hydro-carboxyl, ?-glucosidase activity along with the presence of growth-promoting hormones. Organic fertilization effectively enhanced soil carbon sequestration and microbial biomass, while labile carbon was increased by mineral fertilizers. However, organic manures recorded higher dry matter of weeds than traditional farming systems which reduced forage yield by 35–50%. Availability at farm, regional and global levels along with nutritional composition, biological viability, and economic competitiveness of organic wastes continue to remain challenges in their wide-scale adoption as plant nutrients source. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.