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    Prospects of beneficial microbes as a natural resource for sustainable legumes production under changing climate
    (Elsevier, 2022) Sabagh, Ayman EL; Islam, Md. Sohidul; Hossaind, Akbar; Iqbale, Muhammad Aamir; Imranf, Muhammad; Razag, Ali; Çiğh, Arzu
    Legumes are covering 14 percent of cultivated land on global level. They are the primary source of edible and vegetable proteins, non-edible oils, micronutrients, minerals, and fiber for both human and livestock utilization. Nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria, also called as Rhizobium, have a unique symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. Legumes offer unprecedented and biologically viable options for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to improve the soil fertility status, along with boosting the productivity of the successive crops. Nevertheless, N-fixation by legumes is an alliance among Rhizobium spp and a crop plant. Besides enhancing soil fertility by incorporating N and more carbon to the farm fields, they also facilitate the decay of remaining crop biomass in-situ and its conversion via soil microbes to organic material. Soil microorganisms help to break the carbon-rich material from various plants such as cereals and add additional N to improve the structure and physical characteristics of the soil. Plant-microbial interactions could be beneficial or harmful. Soil microorganisms play an important role for plant growth and development under stress conditions. They are capable of recycling crop nutrients from the depth of soil profile since few legume crops have deep roots. Legume inoculation with species-specific rhizobia could help improve the nodulating capacity of pulse crops under cultivation. Here, in this chapter, we have explained BNF and the recent advances of beneficial microbes in relation with primary and secondary plant nutrients, effects of several environmental factors (abiotic and biotic stress) on nodule formation, and also the impact of several environmental factors for sustainable legumes production in changing climate scenario. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.