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    Leaf Area Regulates the Growth Rates and Seed Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in Intercropping System
    (Springer, 2022) Raza, Muhammad Ali; Gul, Hina; Hasnain, Ali; Bin Khalid, Muhammad Hayder; Hussain, Sajad; Abbas, Ghulam; Ahmed, Waqas
    Biotic or abiotic stresses reduce leaf area of soybean plants in the intercropping system, especially during critical reproductive growth phase (from pod-initiation to physiological-maturity) of soybean, which finally influences yield and yield components. However, total yield loss due to reduction in soybean leaf area under maize/soybean intercropping system is still unclear. In a three-year field study, an experiment consisted of four treatments: no removal of trifoliate (CK, 100% leaf area), removal of three-trifoliate (SI, 85% leaf area), removal of six-trifoliate (SII, 70% leaf area), and removal of nine-trifoliate (SIII, 55% leaf area) from the top of the soybean canopy under maize/soybean intercropping. These defoliation treatments were applied at the pod initiation (R-3) stage by removing the different number of fully developed trifoliate from the top of the soybean canopy in maize/soybean intercropping system. Results revealed that defoliation significantly decreased total dry matter accumulation and partitioning to vegetative and reproductive organs. Compared with CK (no defoliation), treatments SI, SII, and SIII reduced crop growth rate (by 25%, 46%, and 75%), reproductive growth rate (by 21%, 44%, and 63%), pod-initiation (by 11%, 23%, and 32%), while increased pod-abscission (by 11%, 20%, and 37%) and photosynthetic-rate (by 8%, 19%, and 28%), respectively at physiological-maturity. These negative responses reduced pods plant(-1) by 16%, 32%, and 49% and seeds plant(-1) by 20%, 34%, and 46% in SI, SII, and SIII, respectively, compared to non-defoliated. Overall, in SI, SII, and SIII, soybean produced 80%, 67%, and 55% of CK yield. Results implied that any change in leaf area of intercropped-soybean, especially during reproductive phase, will directly affect the availability of photoassimilates and nutrients for developing pods and seeds. Thus, more attention should be paid to improve leaf area of intercropped soybean for the high productivity of intercropping systems via appropriate variety selection or planting arrangement. Furthermore, breeders can evolve new soybean varieties, particularly for the intercropping systems, which can cope with the shading effects of tall crops in intercropping systems. Future studies are needed to understand the internal signaling and the molecular mechanism controlling in soybean in intercropping system.
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    Öğe
    Maize/soybean strip intercropping produces higher crop yields and saves water under semi-arid conditions
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2022) Raza, Muhammad Ali; Yasin, Hassan Shehryar; Gul, Hina; Qin, Ruijun; Mohi Ud Din, Atta; Khalid, Muhammad Hayder Bin; Hussain, Sajad
    Sustainable increases in crop production require efficient use of resources, and intercropping can improve water use efficiency and land productivity at reduced inputs. Thus, in a three-year field experiment, the performance of maize/soybean strip intercropping system differing with maize plant density (6 maize plants m-2, low, D1; 8 maize plants m-2, medium, D2; and 10 maize plants m-2, high, D3) was evaluated in comparison with sole maize or soybean cropping system. Results revealed that among all intercropping treatments, D2 had a significantly higher total leaf area index (maize LAI + soybean LAI; 8.2), total dry matter production (maize dry matter + soybean dry matter; 361.5 g plant-1), and total grain yield (maize grain yield + soybean grain yield; 10122.5 kg ha-1) than D1 and D3, and also higher than sole maize (4.8, 338.7 g plant-1, and 9553.7 kg ha-1) and sole soybean (4.6, 64.8 g plant-1, and 1559.5 kg ha-1). The intercropped maize was more efficient in utilizing the radiation and water, with a radiation use efficiency of 3.5, 5.2, and 4.3 g MJ-1 and water use efficiency of 14.3, 16.2, and 13.3 kg ha-1 mm-1, while that of intercropped soybean was 2.5, 2.1, and 1.8 g MJ-1 and 2.1, 1.9, and 1.5 kg ha-1 mm-1 in D1, D2, and D3, respectively. In intercropping, the land and water equivalent ratios ranged from 1.22 to 1.55, demonstrating that it is a sustainable strategy to improve land and water use efficiencies; this maximization is likely associated with the species complementarities for radiation, water, and land in time and space, which resulted in part from competition avoidance responses that maximize the economic profit (e. g., 1300 US $ ha-1 in D2) over sole maize (798 US $ ha-1) or sole soybean (703 US $ ha-1). Overall, these results indicate that optimizing strip intercropping systems can save 20-50% of water and land, especially under the present scenario of limited resources and climate change. However, further research is required to fully understand the resource capture mechanisms of intercrops in intercropping.