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    A broad assessment of Eremurus spectabilis M. Bieb: chemical and elemental composition, total phenolic and antimicrobial activity analysis, and quantum chemical calculations of radical scavenging potential
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Tegin, Ibrahim; Hallac, Bulent; Sabanci, Nazmiye; Sadik, Betul; Fidan, Mehmet; Yabalak, Erdal
    Eremurus spectabilis M. Bieb was extensively investigated experimentally and theoretically, including the antioxidant properties of compounds such as flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, and organic acids. Antioxidant activity was investigated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method based on three known mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Subcritical water extraction (SWE), soxhlet extraction (SE), and solvent extraction (SOE) techniques were applied in the extraction process. Malic acid was the major compound with an extract concentration of 38,532.84 +/- 1849.58 mu g analyte/kg, total phenolics, and free radical scavenging activity were 10.67 mg gallic acid/mL extract and 73.89% per mg/mL extract, respectively. P, Fe, Na, Mg, K, and Ca were the main elements. The antibacterial activity of E. spectabilis against seven bacteria was evaluated, and it was found to be higher than the commercial antibiotics P10 and AMC30.
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    Assessment of trace element and quality parameters in sheep milk from different regions and different seasons in the Iraqi Kurdish region
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Tegin, Ibrahim; Dawdy, Gazee Rahman Muhamad; Hallac, Bulent; Yabalak, Erdal
    Trace elements found in sheep milk are present as inorganic ions and their salts as part of organic molecules such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. The chemical form of trace elements found in milk is important as it determines their absorption and biological utilisation in the intestine. In this study, trace element concentration and quality of sheep milk were evaluated in a total of 97 sheep milk samples collected from different regions (Erbil, Altunkopri, Makhmur, Qaraj, Kasnazan, Khabat, Taqtaq, Koysinjaq, Soran, Rawanduz and Sidakan) in the Iraqi Kurdish region during two seasons in April and September. Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) was used to analyse the element content of the samples. The results in the samples collected in both periods showed that the mean values of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Pb, Cr, Fe, P, Se and Cu were 328.15 mu g mL-1, 1604.40 mu g mL-1, 805.8 mu g mL-1, 177.28 mu g mL-1, 0.38 mu g mL-1, 0.67 mu g mL-1, 3.15 mu g mL-1,0.08 mu g mL-1, 260.04 mu g mL-1, 0.06 mu g mL-1, and 3.83 mu g mL-1, respectively. The mean values for some quality parameters such as fat, density, lactose, total salt and protein of sheep milk samples collected in both periods were 6.47%, 1029.28 kg m-3, 4.44%, 9.01%, and 4.07%, respectively. Besides, the data obtained were evaluated by some chemometric techniques such as correlation, multicomponent analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA).
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    DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF PEEL POWDERS OBTAINED FROM ZIVZIK POMEGRANATE GROWN IN SOUTHEAST TÜRKİYE AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
    (North Univ Center Baia Mare, 2024) Hallac, Bulent; Kilincceker, Osman
    In this study, the antibacterial effects of peels obtained from Zivzik pomegranate against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. The pomegranate peel was ground into powder form and their control (0%), 2%, 4% and 8% solutions were prepared, and firstly pH, Oxidation/Reduction (O/R) and electrical conductivity (EC) values were measured. Then, these bacteria were inoculated with selected standard antibiotics according to the disc diffusion method and with pomegranate peel powder according to the well/hole method and the zone diameters formed because of incubation were determined. In addition, the counts of bacteria formed after incubation was determined by inoculating these bacteria and each peel solution on special media. In analyses, the pH value of the 0% concentration solution was determined as 5.96, O/R value 83.17 mV and EC value 0.13 mu S cm-1. However, the pH decreased to 3.7 in the 8% concentration solution, O/R and EC also increased to195.67 mV and 0.42 mu S cm-1, respectively. These changes increased the antibacterial effect of solutions prepared from pomegranate peel powder. Pomegranate peel solutions showed similar effects to most of the standard antibiotics used. Also, by influencing the numbers of bacteria used, especially the 8% solution provided about 1.5-2 log reduction compared to the control. Consequently, while it was determined that 4% and 8% solutions of the powders obtained from this pomegranate peel could be used against these bacteria, it was understood that it would be beneficial for the food industry to conduct research against different microorganisms.
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    Physicochemical Characteristic of The Organic Raisins Served to Markets in Midyat Town of Mardin Province and Besiri Town of Batman Province in Turkey
    (Springer, 2021) Uzun, Tuba; Hallac, Bulent
    This study was conducted to determine quality criteria of raisins served to taste of consumers in local bazaars and identify their compliance with the standards. Raisin samples randomly taken from local bazaars in Midyat town of Mardin province and Besiri town of Batman province were used as the material of the study. A total of 30 samples (15 from each town) were subjected to physicochemical analyses (100-raisin weight, number of raisins per 100 g, average raisin width, average raisin length, average number of seeds, average seed weight, raisin skin color parameters, chroma and hue angle, pH, TSSC (total soluble solid contents), maturity index, water content, ash content, specific gravity and total acidity). According to size characteristics specified in Turkish Food Codex, in terms of number of raisins per 100 g, all samples, except for M-2 (large), were classified in jumbo (very large) class. In terms of chroma values, M-13 (15.97) and B-3 (6.51) samples had the greatest color saturation and M-11 (3.64) and B-13 (0.22) samples had the opaquest colors. In terms of hue angle values, M-3 (312.59) and B-13 (112.28) samples had the darkest blue color and M-10 (54.09) and B-1 (85.92) samples had the darkest red-purple color. In terms of pH values, M-6 (4.68) samples were classified as moderately acidic foods and all the others were classified as acidic foods. Despite the lack of vertical food codex for raisins in Turkish Food Codex, compliance is required with the horizontal regulation provisions (labeling, contaminants, pesticide, additives, microbiological criteria and etc. applied to all foodstuffs). Present findings revealed that there were no standard productions in raisins sold in public bazaars. Thus, it was concluded that improper storage and marketing conditions could pose serious risks on public health. Therefore, raisin topic should urgently be issues and relevant controls should be made accordingly. A similar study was not conducted in Midyat and Besiri towns of Southeastern Anatolia region. Thus, present findings may guide further researchers.
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    Unlocking the potential of Allium dictyoprasum CA Meyer ex Kunth: quantum chemical insights into radical scavenging, chemical composition, phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Tegin, Ibrahim; Yabalak, Erdal; Hallac, Bulent; Sabanci, Nazmiye; Fidan, Mehmet; Sadik, Betul
    Allium dictyoprasum C.A. Meyer ex Kunth (A. dictyoprasum) underwent comprehensive analysis, encompassing quantum chemical computations to assess its radical scavenging potential, chemical and elemental composition, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity. Experimental and theoretical investigations focused on elucidating the radical scavenging properties of polyhydroxy phenolic compounds present in the plant. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to evaluate the antioxidants employed to evaluate selected polyhydroxy phenolic molecules including flavonoids, hydrocinnamic acid derivatives, and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives from natural sources. Thermochemical parameters of these compounds were calculated by the B3LYP/6-311 G++(d,p) level in both gas and solvent phases to elucidate the radical scavenging mechanism including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Analysis of A. dictyoprasum extracts obtained via various extraction methods revealed the presence of several major compounds, including dimethyl trisulfide, 3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4 H-pyran-4-one, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl palmitate, Methyl oleate, Methyl stearate, (9Z)-9-Octadecenamide. Notably, Malic acid and Quinic acid were identified as major compounds, with concentrations of 43.31 and 17.47 mg kg(-1) extract, respectively, based on LC-MS/MS analysis. The total phenolic content of the extract was measured as 17.83 mg gallic acid/mL, while its free radical scavenging activity was 80.89% per mg/mL. Elemental analysis revealed significant levels of Mg, K, Na, Fe, and P, with minor concentrations of elements such as Ti, Tl, B, and Be. Furthermore, A. dictyoprasum exhibited notable antibacterial activity against various bacteria strains, surpassing the efficacy of some commercial antibiotics. HIGHLIGHTS Quantum chemical calculations of radical scavenging analysis were performed. Thermochemical parameters were calculated by the B3LYP/6-311 G++(d,p) level. Radical scavenging mechanism was evaluated based on HAT, SET-PT and SPLET. Chemical composition of Allium dictyoprasum C.A. Meyer ex Kunth was determined. A. dictyoprasum has a greater antibacterial effects than some commercial antibiotics.