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    Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, and Antiglaucoma Effects of Magnofluorine
    (Mdpi, 2022) Durmaz, Lokman; Kiziltas, Hatice; Guven, Leyla; Karagecili, Hasan; Alwasel, Saleh; Gulcin, Ilhami
    Magnofluorine, a secondary metabolite commonly found in various plants, has pharmacological potential; however, its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects have not been investigated. We investigated the antioxidant potential of Magnofluorine using bioanalytical assays with 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(center dot+)), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD center dot+), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH center dot) scavenging abilities and K-3[Fe(CN)(6)] and Cu2+ reduction abilities. Further, we compared the effects of Magnofluorine and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), alpha-Tocopherol, and Trolox as positive antioxidant controls. According to the analysis results, Magnofluorine removed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an IC50 value of 10.58 mu g/mL. The IC50 values of BHA, BHT, Trolox, and alpha-Tocopherol were 10.10 mu g/mL, 25.95 mu g/mL, 7.059 mu g/mL, and 11.31 mu g/mL, respectively. Our results indicated that the DPPH center dot scavenging effect of Magnofluorine was similar to that of BHA, close to that of Trolox, and better than that of BHT and alpha-tocopherol. The inhibition effect of Magnofluorine was examined against enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alpha-glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), which are linked to global disorders, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and glaucoma. Magnofluorine inhibited these metabolic enzymes with Ki values of 10.251.94, 5.991.79, 25.411.10, and 30.563.36 nM, respectively. Thus, Magnofluorine, which has been proven to be an antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinergic in our study, can treat glaucoma. In addition, molecular docking was performed to understand the interactions between Magnofluorine and target enzymes BChE (D: 6T9P), hCA II (A:3HS4), AChE (B:4EY7), and alpha-glycosidase (C:5NN8). The results suggest that Magnofluorine may be an important compound in the transition from natural sources to industrial applications, especially new drugs.
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    Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Berdav Propolis Using LC-MS/MS: Determination of Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, Antiglaucoma, and Antidiabetic Effects
    (Mdpi, 2023) Karagecili, Hasan; Yilmaz, Mustafa Abdullah; Erturk, Adem; Kiziltas, Hatice; Guven, Leyla; Alwasel, Saleh H.; Gulcin, Ilhami
    Propolis is a complex natural compound that honeybees obtain from plants and contributes to hive safety. It is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which contain antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. In this study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of propolis were investigated; ABTS(center dot+), DPPH center dot and DMPD center dot+ were prepared using radical scavenging antioxidant methods. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of propolis were 53 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 170.164 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. The ferric ion (Fe3+) reduction, CUPRAC and FRAP reduction capacities were also studied. The antioxidant and reducing capacities of propolis were compared with those of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), alpha-tocopherol and Trolox reference standards. The half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values of propolis for ABTS(center dot+), DPPH center dot and DMPD center dot+ scavenging activities were found to be 8.15, 20.55 and 86.64 mu g/mL, respectively. Propolis extract demonstrated IC50 values of 3.7, 3.4 and 19.6 mu g/mL against alpha-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) enzyme, respectively. These enzymes' inhibition was associated with diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glaucoma. The reducing power, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition capacity of propolis extract were comparable to those demonstrated by the standards. Twenty-eight phenolic compounds, including acacetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, chrysin, quinic acid, quercetin, and ferulic acid, were determined by LC-MS/MS to be major organic compounds in propolis. The polyphenolic antioxidant-rich content of the ethanol extract of propolis appears to be a natural product that can be used in the treatment of diabetes, AD, glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancerous diseases.