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    Determination and numerical modeling of sugar release from model food gels
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Goztok, Serpil Pekdogan; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Boluk, Esra; Gunes, Recep; Toker, Omer Said; Konar, Nevzat
    In the present study, sugar release from food gels prepared with three different hydrocolloids; gelatin (GL (160, 200, and 250 bloom)), low methoxyl pectin (LMP), modified corn starch (MCS) was determined at quiescent (treatment 1, only mixing) and disruptive (treatment 2, mixing and shredding) conditions. According to the results, except for LMP gels in treatment 1, sugar release time increased depending on the hydrocolloid concentration in model gels and the lowest hydrocolloid concentration resulted in the shortest release time in both treatments (p < 0.05). In treatment 2, it was observed that the release times were shorter than treatment 1, and fractures in the gel had a significant effect on sugar release. Numerical model was developed for both treatments, which fitted well with the experimental data. The effective diffusivity values (Deff) of sugar release from gels were found between 0.22 x 10-8-5.07 x 10-8 m2/s and 1.37 x 10-8-18.47 x 10-8 m2/s in treatments 1 and 2, respectively, showing that mixing process increased the Deff values significantly. In line with these results, the significant effect of gel texture on sucrose release was clearly demonstrated.
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    Determining Honey Adulteration by Seeding Method: an Initial Study with Sunflower Honey
    (Springer, 2020) Kurt, Abdullah; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Gunes, Recep; Konar, Nevzat; Toker, Omer Said
    In the present study, a novel method was developed to determine honey adulteration. Natural sunflower honey (A), adulterated honey (B), indirectly adulterated honey obtained by feeding of bee colonies using sugar syrup (C), mixtures of them (AB and AC), and two additional natural sunflower honey samples coming from different geographical regions (D and E) were examined after seeding at different levels (1, 5, 10%, w/w) of crystallized honey. The physico-chemical property, FT-IR spectra, thermodynamic property (T-p and Delta H), flow behavior [storage (G ') and loss (G '') modulus], and microstructural changes of the samples were investigated. According to the obtained results, natural sunflower honeys showed different visco-elastic and flow behaviors from adulterated honeys. The microstructure properties were also different and more homogeneous, and faster crystallization was detected in natural honey (A). The results of this study notably show that honey adulteration can be determined by examining honey crystallization behaviors. Therefore, it is thought that the industry will benefit from this easy and simple method instead of time-consuming, expensive, and complex methods used for determining honey adulteration.
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    Investigation of the use of various fruit juice concentrates instead of corn syrup in marshmallow type products: A preliminary study
    (Elsevier, 2022) Goztok, Serpil Pekdogan; Gunes, Recep; Toker, Omer Said; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Konar, Nevzat
    In this study, the effects of using various fruit juice concentrates (pomegranate, grape and sour cherry) instead of corn syrup in marshmallows on the physico-chemical, textural and microstructural properties of the products were investigated. Experimental points of the study were determined by D-optimal mixture design, and accordingly, special cubic, linear and quadratic models were used for the effects on physico-chemical, color and texture parameters according to independent variables. Considering the results, pH, water activity and density values of the marshmallow samples were found to be in the range of 2.54-3.21, 0.48-0.55 and 0.44-0.66 g/mL, respectively. As expected, the use of fruit juice concentrates affected the visual properties of marshmallows, and in particular sour cherry and pomegranate juice concentrates caused a positive increase in the +a* values of the samples. According to the texture profile analysis, the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and resilience values of the samples were determined as 6.43-10.5 N, 0.84-97, 0.74-0.90, 5.18-8.22 g, 0.34-0.81, respectively. R2 values of investigated parameter models were determined between 0.4971 and 0.8901. It was concluded that fruit juice concentrates can be used instead of corn syrup in marshmallows to meet consumer demands and expectations. Finally, it is thought that it will be useful to investigate the effects of various hy-drocolloids on the color, texture stability and sensory properties of the products with further studies using fruit juice concentrates in marshmallow production.
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    Phenolics release kinetics in sugared and sugar-free chewing gums: microencapsulated pomegranate peel extract usage
    (Wiley, 2018) Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Toker, Omer Said; Konar, Nevzat; Gunes, Recep; Guleri, Tuba; Alasalvar, Hamza; Cam, Mustafa
    In this study, it was aimed to investigate the potential of sugared and sugar-free chewing gum as a functional food with the addition of microencapsulated pomegranate peel extract (MEPPE) at different amounts. Application of certain chewing times (0, 1, 3 and 5 min) to MEPPE-incorporated gums resulted in a higher release rate of punicalagin and ellagic acid from sugar-free gum matrix than sugared gum matrix (P < 0.05). According to exponential rise model, sugared and sugar-free gums could release 38.3% and 75.6% of ellagic acid, 82.5% and 94.8% of punicalagin depending on the chewing time, respectively. Incorporation of MEPPE did not cause significant changes in quality parameters of chewing gum such as colour and texture. Therefore, the results indicated that chewing gum could be used as a carrier for bioactive compounds and depending on the bulk sweetener used was an effective factor in the release kinetics.
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    Valorisation of grape by-products as a bulking agent in soft candies: Effect of particle size
    (Elsevier, 2020) Altinok, Emir; Palabiyik, Ibrahim; Gunes, Recep; Toker, Omer Said; Konar, Nevzat; Kurultay, Sefik
    Nowadays, the use of plant-based by-products obtained after food processing has gained importance, as these products are nutritious and cheap. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of grape skirt and seed powders with different particle sizes (100, 200, 288 and 415 mu m) on the texture, sensory, color, and rheological properties of soft candies. According to the results, the particle size of the grape-derived components was a significant factor for the texture parameters, especially hardness, adhesiveness, chewiness, and resilience. In sensory analyses, samples containing grape seed and skin powder with a particle size of 100 and 200 mu m received the highest score and particles were not felt by the panelists. Also, the use of grape seed and skin powder decreased the L* value of the soft candies compared to the control group, which was parallel to the decrease in the particle size. It was found that r values of model fitting of theological data can be correlated with sensory results. In conclusion, it was shown that grape-derived components can be successfully used in the formulation of soft candy if particle size was adjusted below 200 mu m.