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    Determination of Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) of Cotton Cultivation in Turkey: A Case Study from Bismil District of Diyarbakir Province
    (Univ Namik Kemal, 2021) Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman; Bayhan, Yilmaz
    In this study, the energy balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) of cotton cultivation in Bismil district of Diyarbakir province in Turkey was defined. The energy balance and GHG of cotton cultivation was computed by conducting face to face surveys with 73 farms in the 2018-2019 cultivation season, which were selected by simple random sampling method. The energy input and output in cotton cultivation were computed as 54 617.62 MJ ha(-1) and 65 984.42 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Energy inputs occurs of electricity energy with 18 608.40 MJ ha(-1) (34.06%), chemical fertilizers energy with 15 254.67 MJ ha(-1) (27.93%), diesel fuel energy with 14 364.68 (26.30%), irrigation water energy with 3 559.50 MJ ha(-1) (6.53%), machinery energy with 1 152.79 MJ ha(-1) (2.11%), chemicals energy with 1 075.76 MJ ha(-1) (1.96%), seed energy with 307.98 MJ ha(-1) (0.57%), human labour energy with 293.84 MJ ha(-1) (0.54%), respectively. Total energy inputs in cotton cultivation can be classified as 67.43% direct, 32.57% indirect, 7.62% renewable and 92.38% non-renewable. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy in cotton cultivation were computed as 1.21, 9.77 MJ kg(-1), 0.10 kg MJ(-1) and 11 366.80 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Total GHG emissions were computed as 6 482.36 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1) for cotton cultivation with the greatest input part for electricity with 47.94% (3 107.60 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)). The electricity followed up nitrogen with 16.29% (1 055.67 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), irrigation water with 14.82% (960.50 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), diesel fuel with 10.86% (704.08 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), seed with 3.07% (199.14 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), chemicals with 2.28% (147.76 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), phosphorous with 1.78% (115.64 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), human labour with 1.62% (104.94 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), machinery with 1.26% (81.85 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)) and potassium with 0.08% (5.18 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1)), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.16 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in cotton cultivation.
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    Determination of Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Organic Almond Production in Turkey
    (Springer, 2020) Baran, Mehmet Firat; Eren, Omer; Gokdogan, Osman; Oguz, Halil Ibrahim
    The purpose of this study is to make the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of organic almond production. This study was performed for 2016 production season in Adiyaman province of Turkey in 2017. The data provided from study were collected from 93 different farms by face to face surveys with full count method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in organic almond production were calculated to determine the energy efficiency analysis. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in organic almond production were calculated respectively as 7320.30 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(37.21%) diesel fuel energy, 5421.17 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(27.56%) machinery energy, 3818.86 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(19.41%) human labour energy, 1632 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(8.30%) irrigation energy, 1344 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(6.83%) farmyard manure energy, 128.15 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(0.65%) organic chemicals energy and 5.94 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(0.03%) lime energy. Total input energy was calculated as 19,670.42 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). Energy values of organic almond yield were calculated as 39,811.80 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 2.02, 14.05 & x202f;MJ kg(-1), 0.07 & x202f;kg MJ(-1)and 20,141.38 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). The consumed total energy input in organic almond production could be classified as 64.93% direct, 35.07% indirect, 34.54% renewable and 65.46% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 2518.46 & x202f;kg CO(2-eq)ha(-1)for organic almond production with the greatest portions for human labour (54.16%). The human labour followed up machine usage (15.28%), diesel fuel consumption (14.25%), water consumption of irrigation (10.80%), farmyard manure usage (5.16%), organic chemicals usage (0.34%) and lime usage (0.02%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 1.80 & x202f;kg CO(2-eq)kg(-1)in organic almond production.
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    DETERMINATION OF ENERGY USAGE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN LAVENDER PRODUCTION
    (Univ Quindio, 2022) Demir, Cihan; Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Find
    The purpose of this study is to reveal the energy usage and greenhouse gas emission in lavender production. The study has been conducted in 2022 in Center district of Kirklareli province in Turkey and covers the 2021-2022 production seasons. Agricultural inputs and outputs were calculated to calculate the energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in lavender production. According to the research results, the inputs are 5883.39 MJ ha(-1) (59.30%) farmyard manure energy, 2425.51 MJ ha(-1) (24.45%) diesel fuel energy, 732.02 MJ ha(-1) (7.38%) chemical fertilizers energy, 421.89 MJ ha(-1) (4.25%) machinery energy, 276.70 MJ ha(-1) (2.79%) human labour energy, 97.31 MJ ha(-1) (0.98%) transportation energy and 84.81 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%), vermicompost energy, respectively. Total input and output energy were calculated as 9921.63 MJ ha(-1) and 12859.77 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Energy use efficiency (EUE), specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP) and net energy (NE) were calculated as 1.30, 2.86 MJ kg(-1), 0.35 kg MJ(-1) and 2938.13 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The total energy input can be classified as 27.24% direct, 72.76% indirect, 62.94% renewable and 37.06% non-renewable. GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.08 kg CO(2-eq)kg(-1) in lavender production.
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    Determination of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Adiyaman Province
    (Springer, 2022) Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Eren, Omer; Oguz, Halil Ibrahim
    The purpose of this research is to perform the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio production. This research was performed for 2016 and 2017 production season in Adiyaman province of Turkey in dry conditions in 2017. The data supplied from research were collected from 152 different farms by face to face surveys with simple random sampling method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in pistachio production were computed to determine the energy use efficiency. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in pistachio production were computed respectively as 4561.11 MJ ha(-1) (35.50%) diesel fuel energy, 3206.24 MJ ha(-1) (24.96%) chemical fertilizers energy, 2420.93 MJ ha(-1) (18.84%) machinery energy, 1020.06 MJ ha(-1) (7.94%) human labour energy, 715.69 MJ ha(-1) (5.57%) animal labour energy, 656.95 MJ ha(-1) (5.11%) farmyard manure energy and 266.16 MJ ha(-1) (2.07%) chemicals energy. Total input energy was computed as 12,847.14 MJ ha(-1). Energy values of pistachio yield were computed as 15,008.65 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy computations were computed respectively as 1.17, 22.32 MJ kg(-1), 0.04 kg MJ(-1) and 2161.51 MJ ha(-1). The consumed total energy input in pistachio production can be classified as 49.01% direct, 50.99% indirect, 18.62% renewable and 81.38% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was computed as 1123.72 kg CO(2-eq)ha(-1) for pistachio production with the greatest portions for human labour (32.42%). The human labour followed up chemical fertilizers usage (23.21%), diesel fuel consumption (19.89%), machinery usage (15.30%), farmyard manure usage (5.65%), chemicals usage (3.25%) and animal labour usage (0.27%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.95 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in pistachio production.
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    Determination of the energy usage efficiency in egg chicken reared
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2019) Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat
    This study was performed with the purpose of determining the energy usage efficiency of egg chicken reared. To achieve this study, the energy input-output of 1000 egg chickens reared was calculated. This study was done an egg chicken's farm in Isparta province of Turkey. The energy input and output were calculated as 588779.56 MJ/1000 chickens and 1107962.30 MJ/1000 chickens in egg chicken reared. The composition of energy inputs was 88.51% (521,147 MJ/1000 chickens) feed energy, 8.24% (48,507 MJ/1000 chickens) fuel energy, 1.71% (10,054.80 MJ/1000 chickens) electricity energy, 1.01% (5967.81 MJ/1000 chickens) machinery energy, 0.37% (2,165.80 MJ/1000 chickens) human labour energy, 0.08% (464.85 MJ/1000 chickens) chicken's energy, 0.07% (392.92 MJ/1000 chickens) transportation energy and 0.01% (79.38 MJ/1000 chickens) water energy. Energy usage efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy for egg chicken reared were calculated as 1.88, 0.03 kg MJ-1, 31.63 MJ kg- 1 and 519182.74 MJ/1000 chickens, respectively. Feed energy was determined as the highest ratio (88.51%) of total energy input. According to study results, egg chicken reared can be accepted as economic in terms of energy usage efficiency. © by PSP.
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    Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Organic Fig (Ficus carica L.) Production in Turkey
    (Springer, 2022) Oguz, Halil Ibrahim; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman; Eren, Omer; Solak, Mehmet
    This study was conducted in an organic fig farm in the 2017 production season in Adiyaman, Tut, at the Southeast Anatolia in Turkey. According to the findings, the energy inputs of organic fig production were calculated respectively as 2217.57 MJ ha(-1) (38.07%) human labour energy, 2025 MJ ha(-1) (34.76%) farmyard manure energy, 858.73 MJ ha(-1) (14.74%) diesel fuel energy, 545.29 MJ ha(-1) (9.36%) machinery energy, 79.72 MJ ha(-1) (1.37%) electricity energy, 49.56 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) transportation energy and 49.30 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) irrigation water energy. The energy yield of organic fig was calculated as 12,900 MJ ha(-1). The energy output-input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy calculations were calculated as 2.21, 1.08 MJ kg(-1), 0.92 kg MJ(-1), and 7074.83 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Total input energy consumption in organic fig production was classified as 55.02% direct, 44.98% indirect, 73.67% renewable, and 26.33% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 1109.02 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1). The most significant portion was human labor (71.41%). The second most significant value was farmyard manure usage (17.65%), and others were as follows: diesel fuel consumption (3.80%), machinery usage (3.49%), electricity consumption (2.38%), water consumption of irrigation (1.20%) and transportation (0.07%). Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.21 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in organic fig.
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    Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Cherry Production in Turkey
    (Springer, 2024) Gokdogan, Osman; Demir, Cihan; Baran, Mehmet Firat
    The aim of this study was to determine the energy use efficiency (EUE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cherry production in K & imath;rklareli province of Turkey. It is also aimed to increase the EUE and reduce GHG emission. Furthermore, this comprehensive study conducted in K & imath;rklareli province of Turkey will contribute to the literature. Observation, survey and data calculations are from the 2020-2021 season. Data provided in the study were acquired from 50 (reachable) farms by conducting face-to-face surveys with complete count method in 2022. This study included calculations of energy input (EI), energy output (EO), EUE, specific energy (SE), energy productivity (EP), net energy (NE), EI types, GHG emission and GHG ratio. EI and EO were calculated as 14,934.30 MJ/ha and 14,234.67 MJ/ha, respectively. Among all the energy inputs, the greatest share belong to chemical fertilisers by 34.49%. EUE, SE, EP and NE were calculated as 0.95, 3.07 MJ/kg, 0.33 kg/MJ and -699.62 MJ/ha, respectively. The consumed total EI in production has been classified as 52.94% direct energy (DE), 47.06% indirect energy (IDE), 45.94% renewable energy (RE) and 54.06% non-renewable (NRE). Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 295.48 kgCO2-eq/ha and 0.06 kgCO2-eq/kg, respectively. Increasing the ratio of RE by using farmyard manure and organic manure rather than chemical fertilisers is important to increase the EUE and reduce GHG emission levels. In order to reduce emission quantities, it is necessary to increase the use of RE inputs. These proposals considered in cherry production can increase EUE and reduce GHG emission.
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    Energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) analysis of garlic cultivation in Turkey
    (Chinese Acad Agricultural Engineering, 2023) Baran, Mehmet Firat; Demir, Cihan; Elicin, Ahmet Konuralp; Gokdogan, Osman
    This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of garlic cultivation during the 2020-2021 cultivation season in Adiyaman province of Turkey. Questionnaires, observations and field works were performed in 134 garlic farms in the region through simple random method. In garlic cultivation, energy input was calculated as 32 103.20 MJ/hm2 and energy output was calculated as 30 096 MJ/hm2. With regards to the three highest inputs in garlic production, 46.66% of the energy inputs consisted of chemical fertilizers energy (14 979.26 MJ/hm2), 11.29% consisted of farmyard manure energy (3625.71 MJ/hm2) and 10.48% consisted of human labour energy (3363.36 MJ/hm2). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy in garlic cultivation were calculated as 0.94, 1.71 MJ/kg, 0.59 kg/MJ, and -2007.20 MJ/hm2, respectively. The total energy input consumed in garlic cultivation was classified as 27.19% direct energy, 72.81% indirect energy, 35.17% renewable energy and 64.87% non-renewable energy. Total GHG emissions and GHG ratio were calculated as 8636.60 kg CO2-eq/hm2 and 0.46 kg CO2-eq/kg, respectively.
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    Investigation on energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of onion cultivation
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2021) Ozbek, Osman; Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat
    In this study, the energy of inputs and output used by the farms cultivating onion in Adiyaman province in Turkey were determined. The inputs were classified into direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energy types. Energy output-input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were done for calculating energy use efficiency. In the study, questionnaire, observation, and calculation methods were used. Survey, observation and study data calculations include the 2018 production season. The data supplied from study were collected from 20 different farms (can be reached) by face to face survey with full count method. Energy inputs in onion cultivation were calculated as 22463.52 MJ ha-1, energy output was calculated as 49704 MJ ha-1. 60.43% of the energy inputs included of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) energy (13574.55 MJ ha-1), 15.34% included of human labour energy (3445.07 MJ ha-1), 12.05% included of diesel fuel energy (2706.82 MJ ha1), 6.44%o included of machinery energy (1446.98 MJ ha-1), 3.02% included of irrigation water energy (679.30 MJ ha-1), 1.71% included of chemicals energy (384.56 MJ ha-1) and 1.01% included of seed energy (226.23 MJ ha-1) in onion cultivation. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy in onion cultivation were calculated as 2.21, 0.72 MJ kg-1, 1.38 kg MJ"1 and 27240.48 MJ ha-1, respectively. The consumed total energy input in onion production can be classified as 30.41%) direct, 60.59%) indirect, 19.37%o renewable and 80.63%) non-renewable. Total GHG emissions were calculated as 2920.73 kgCO2-eqha-1 for onion cultivation with the greatest input part for human labour usage (42.13%). The human labour usage followed up chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) usage (37.71%o), irrigation water usage (6.28%), diesel fuel usage (4.54%), seed usage (4.02%), machinery usage (3.52%) and chemicals usage (1.81%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.094 kgCO2-eqkg-1 in onion cultivation. © by PSP
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    INVESTIGATION ON ENERGY USE EFFICIENCY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) OF ONION CULTIVATION
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Ozbek, Osman; Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat
    In this study, the energy of inputs and output used by the farms cultivating onion in Adiyaman province in Turkey were determined. The inputs were classified into direct, indirect, renewable and non-renewable energy types. Energy output-input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were done for calculating energy use efficiency. In the study, questionnaire, observation, and calculation methods were used. Survey, observation and study data calculations include the 2018 production season. The data supplied from study were collected from 20 different farms (can be reached) by face to face survey with full count method. Energy inputs in onion cultivation were calculated as 22463.52 MJ ha(-1), energy output was calculated as 49704 MJ ha(-1). 60.43% of the energy inputs included of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) energy (13574.55 MJ ha(-1)), 15.34% included of human labour energy (3445.07 MJ he), 12.05% included of diesel fuel energy (2706.82 MJ ha(-1)), 6.44% included of machinery energy (1446.98 MJ he), 3.02% included of irrigation water energy (679.30 MJ ha(-1)), 1.71% included of chemicals energy (384.56 MJ he) and 1.01% included of seed energy (226.23 MJ ha(-1)) in onion cultivation. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy in onion cultivation were calculated as 2.21, 0.72 MJ kg(-1), 1.38 kg MJ(-1) and 27240.48 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The consumed total energy input in onion production can be classified as 30.41% direct, 60.59% indirect, 19.37% renewable and 80.63% non-renewable. Total GHG emissions were calculated as 2920.73 kgCO(2).eqhe for onion cultivation with the greatest input part for human labour usage (42.13%). The human labour usage followed up chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) usage (37.71%), irrigation water usage (6.28%), diesel fuel usage (4.54%), seed usage (4.02%), machinery usage (3.52%) and chemicals usage (1.81%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.094 kgCO(2).eqkg(-1) in onion cultivation.