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    Consequences of Salinity Stress on the Quality of Crops and Its Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Crop Production: An Outlook of Arid and Semi-arid Regions
    (Springer International Publishing, 2020) El Sabagh, Ayman; Hossain, Akbar; Barutçular, Celaleddin; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Islam, M. Sohidul; Fahad, Shah; Sytar, Oksana
    One of the key tasks of the Sustainable Development Goals connected to Agriculture, Safety and nutritional quality of food is to raise crop production per unit area without compromising the sustainability of agricultural resources and environmental security. Along with environmental constraints, soil salinization has become one of the major threats that restricts agricultural potential and is closely related to mishandling of agricultural resources and overexploitation of water resources, particularly in arid regions. The effect of salinity on the quality of various agricultural crops has not yet been much explored. Presently, this information is very important due to the increasing use of saline water for irrigation worldwide which has given rise to as soil salinity has become a critical around the world and the situation has been worsening over the last 20 years in arid and semi-arid regions particularly in Mediterranean area. Salinity stress significantly affect the nutritional properties and quality traits of crops due to physiological and biochemical alterations in plants at different growth stage. During salinity stress, plants tend to activate different physiological and biochemical mechanisms to cope with the stress through altering their morphology, anatomy, water relations, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, primary and secondary metabolism and biochemical adaptations such as the antioxidative metabolism response. Therefore, it is important for breeders and producers to understand the influence of salinity on the composition of crops, for improvement of protein and oil quality (amino and fatty acid) under the salinity conditions. The aims of present review is to quantify the adverse effects of salinity on quality parameters of crops and management approaches for ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity stress to enhance the yield and grain quality of crops. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
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    Environmental Upheaval: Consequences and Management Strategies
    (CRC Press, 2022) Naz, Misbah; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Hossain, Akbar; Danish, Subhan; Datta, Rahul; Fahad, Shah
    [No abstract available]
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    Legumes under Drought Stress: Plant Responses, Adaptive Mechanisms, and Management Strategies in Relation to Nitrogen Fixation
    (CRC Press, 2021) Islam, Mohammad Sohidul; Fahad, Shah; Hossain, Akbar; Chowdhury, M Kaium; Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir; Dubey, Anamika; Kumar, Ashwani
    [No abstract available]
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    Managing Greenhouse Gas Emission
    (wiley, 2022) Hussain, Sajjad; Mubeen, Muhammad; Sultana, Syeda Refat; Ahmad, Ashfaq; Fahad, Shah; Nasim, Wajid; Ahmad, Shakeel
    Rice (Oryza sativa) production systems have faced the two opposing challenges all over the world: the need to increase the production to nourish the world’s increasing population and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the most significant GHGs because of their global warming mitigation (GWM) and radiative effects on rice. Rice intensive farming system has been producing extreme pressure on fields of rice for producing more rice for the increasing global population, thus declining rice ecosystem balance and soil fertility situation by fluxes of more N2O, CH4, and CO2 to the environment. Many farmers used fertilizer combination and commercial hormone to rice growing. Nowadays, the integrated management system like modifying tillage practices, improving nitrogen fertilization and irrigation patterns, increasing yield potential, and managing organic and fertilizer inputs are set up based on plant physiological needs. These strategies can also increase the yield of rice as well as have benefits on GWM. Satellite-based estimates provide unique opportunities to improve bottom-up and top-down estimate of GHG emissions, and also provide important observations to support the understanding as well as monitoring of environment and earth’s surface changes due to human activities. The integrated management system, an eco-farming method, gives the best solution than transgenic plants (in which several problems including field tests and stability of the transgenic lines are inevitable). Adapting drainage systems could be a good option for reducing CH4 in rice production system. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.
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    Mycorrhiza and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria: Potential Bioagents for Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agriculture
    (Tech Science Press, 2022) Wahid, Fazli; Sharif, Muhammad; Fahad, Shah; Ali, Amjad; Adnan, Muhammad; Rafiullah; Saud, Shah
    Phosphorus (P) is a critical nutrient that plays an essential role in improving soil fertility for optimum plant growth and productivity. It is one of the most deficient macro-nutrients in agricultural soils after nitrogen and is considered inadequate for plant growth and production. To P availability in soils, the farmers are applying huge amounts of synthetic P fertilizers that adversely affect the wider environment, groundwater, soil fertility and microbial population. Many beneficial microbes are known to release and supply soluble P for improving growth and yield of a variety of plants in a sustainable manner in P deficient soils. Thus, inoculation of these microbes, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to soil to enhance crop production without harming the environment, is an alternative approach to chemical fertilizers. The combined role of AMF and PSB in P solubilization is not well understood and the application and mode of action of these microbial groups are often naive due to variation in the environment. Therefore, the current review article would develop a better understanding of the interactive role and mechanisms of AMF and PSB in improving P availability from both organic and inorganic sources in a sustainable crop production system. Finally, the current review would loop out further avenues for researchers interested to commercially produce effective AMF and PSB-based biofertilizers for sustainable management of phosphorus over a wide range of agricultural crops worldwide.
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    Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes Under the Family Fabaceae: Adverse Effect of Abiotic Stresses and Mitigation Strategies
    (Springer Singapore, 2020) Sabagh, Ayman El; Hossain, Akbar; Sohidul Islam, M.; Fahad, Shah; Ratnasekera, Disna; Meena, Ram Swaroop; Wasaya, Allah
    Nitrogen (N) is an essential element of the building blocks of almost all plant structures and a vital component of chlorophyll, enzymes, and proteins. It is used in relatively large amounts than other plant nutrients. Therefore, N has been recognized as the most limiting nutrient in crop production systems. Several transformation processes are involved in the nitrogen cycle. Among them, biological nitrogen fixation is an environmentally friendly natural resource for sustainable agricultural systems. Recently, the reports directed to a decrease in agricultural dependence on symbiotic nitrogen fixation due to abiotic stresses. Therefore, abiotic stresses are a topic that increasingly occupies the attention of the world is still a matter of debate. Although physiological mechanisms are affected in more intense abiotic stresses, most research efforts have focused on the study of these processes. In legume plants being grown under symbiotic conditions, one of the primary effects of abiotic stresses is a decline in the rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). In the present chapter, we summarize our current understanding of the factors that are affected by SNF in legumes. Finally, an overview of the available resources and applications of the physiological system for understanding the complex responses of legumes to abiotic stresses is provided. The overall conclusion was that all physiological mechanisms are important in understanding the regulation of N2 fixation and its response to abiotic stresses. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.
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    Nutrient Management for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Legumes of the Family Fabaceae
    (Springer Singapore, 2020) Hossain, Akbar; Sabagh, Ayman El; Erman, Murat; Fahad, Shah; Islam, Tofazzal; Bhatt, Rajan; Hasanuzzaman, Mirza
    Grain legumes are rich in carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral, fiber, and essential amino acids. Besides, legumes play a vital role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N) which ultimately improves soil fertility through the symbiotic process. However, in the changing climate, the sustainability of grain legumes production is vulnerable due to the extreme events of abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat stress, and heavy metals. These abiotic stresses are linked with the physiological, biochemical, and morphological changes that prevent the full genetic potential productivity of the legume crops. Plants need an ample amount of mineral nutrients (micro-and macronutrients) in each stage of the development to achieve maximum yield. Among these mineral nutrients, macronutrients, particularly N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and micronutrients particularly iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silicon (Si), and selenium (Se) involve in several physiological, biochemical, and morphological processes in plants. These nutrient elements also play a vital role in increasing plant resistance to environmental stresses. An adequate balance of nutrient supply is needed for each stage of the development and to achieve maximum yield potential of legume crops. While imbalanced use of mineral nutrients may result in negative impacts on environmental and also increase the cost of production. Therefore, adequate balanced mineral nutrient management is necessary for the sustainable production of legume crops under the changing climate. This chapter described the negative impacts of abiotic stresses on legumes under the family Fabaceae and also highlighted the essential roles of balanced mineral nutrients in each developmental phage of plants for attaining maximum yield even under the abiotic stressful environment. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.