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    A systematic study of Thlaspi s.l. taxa in the sections Nomisma, Thlaspi and Pterotropis from Turkey based on fruit morphological and molecular data
    (Univ Zagreb, Fac Science, Div Biology, 2022) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Inal, Behcet; Erol, Osman
    The classification of Thlaspi s.l. is still problematic. Earlier phylogenetic research of the genus focused on several small groups within Thlaspi s.str. and lacked detailed morphological observations. The relationships among Eurasian taxa and the value of fruit morphology in defining them have yet to be studied. The aim of this study was to analyze 22 taxa belonging to the Nomisma, Thlaspi and Pterotropis sections of Thlaspi s.l. from Turkey using maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. We also analyzed the morphological features of the fruit. According to the results, the examined taxa fell into 2 main clades. Moreover, clade II showed 3 sub-clusters. Thlaspi huetii and T. aghricum were the most distant taxa with a distance of 0.49%; however, T. ochroleucum and T. violascens were found to be 99% similar. According to ITS region data based on multiple populations of each taxon, T. arvense, T. huetii, T. perfoliatum, T. violascens, T. cataonicum, T. elegans, T. rosulare and T. aghricum were placed together in one cluster, which indicates that they are monophyletic. Thlaspi elegans was found to be a polyploid complex based on bootstrap (BS) (a resampling technique that uses replacement sampling to estimate statistics in a population) values, which varied widely among the studied T. elegans taxa (98, 65 and 49%). Fruit morphology also supported the inter-specific relationships based on molecular data, and relationships found by ITS region data were compatible with fruit type and geographic distribution. A diagnostic key based on fruit morphology is provided for the identification of the examined Thlaspi taxa.
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    NOTES ON LEAF AND STEM ANATOMY OF Thlaspi sensu lato
    (Trakya Univ Balkan Yerlesesi Enstituler Binasi, 2020) Karaismailoglu, Mehmet Cengiz; Erol, Osman
    In this study, anatomical characteristics of leaves and stems of 19 taxa of Thlaspi sensu lato, 9 of which are endemic to Turkey, were investigated in order to determine taxonomic relationships among the studied taxa. The anatomical characteristics of all taxa were determined and assessed using the cluster analysis and the principal component analysis. The transverse sections of the leaves and stems exhibited various diagnostic characters in terms of the pattern of epidermal cell and mesophyll layers, the number and size of vascular bundles, and the thickness of the cortex and endodermis. Important differences were detected in number, size, and index of stomata, and in epidermal cell wall structures in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The results showed that the compared anatomical characteristics among taxa are partially compatible with their sectional delimitation in their traditional rank in The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. The results also point out that some taxonomic re-arrangements may be required.
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    Pollen morphology of some taxa of Thlaspi L. sensu lato (Brassicaceae) from Turkey,and its taxonomical importance
    (Palynology, 2019-04) Karaismailoğlu, Mehmet Cengiz; Erol, Osman
    In this study, the pollen morphology of 22 Turkish taxa (12 of which are endemic) of the taxonomically complex genus Thlaspi L. sensu lato was studied with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We found that the pollen of Thlaspi are usually bilateral symmetric and anisopolar. They are prolate, subprolate, perprolate or spheroidal, with the polar axis ranging from 14.13 to 28.36 mm and equatorial axis from 8.75 to 19.48 mm. Pollen are usually tricolpate, but some of them are 1–2- or 4-colpate. The ornamentation of pollen of the examined taxa is usually micro or macro reticulate, and rarely foveolate. The exine thickness ranges from 1.59 to 2.75 mm, and the intine thickness from 0.54 to 0.94 mm. As a result of this study, some of the pollen characters such as the sizes of pollen and colpus, ornamentation of exine, apocolpidium, and shape and diameter of amb are found to be significant morphological characters for taxonomic use.
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    Seed structure and its taxonomic implications for genus Thlaspi sensu lato sections Nomisma, Thlaspi, and Pterotropis (Brassicaceae)
    (Turkish Journal of Botany, 2018-09) Karaismailoğlu, Mehmet Cengiz; Erol, Osman
    We studied morphological and anatomical characteristics of seeds of 22 taxa in the sections Nomisma, Thlaspi, and Pterotropis of Thlaspi sensu lato from Turkey and the significance of these characters in a taxonomical context. The results show that the taxa differ from each other in terms of seed shape and color. The seed size ranges from 1.25 mm to 2.99 mm in length and from 0.66 mm to 2.16 mm in width, Thlaspi rosulare and T. tatianae having the largest and T. annuum having the smallest seeds. The seed surface ornamentation is classified into nine types: reticulate-areolate, scalariform, reticulate, reticulate-foveate, ruminate, ocellate, tuberculate, areolate, and colliculate. The most common type is reticulate-areolate, whereas areolate, colliculate, ocellate, and tuberculate ornamentation types were found to be taxon-specific. The testa is typically made up of four layers: the epidermis, the subepidermis, the sclerotic (or palisade) layer, and the parenchyma layer. The sclerotic (or palisade) layer may not be seen in some of the species. The structures and thicknesses of the epidermis, the subepidermis, the sclerotic (or palisade) layer, and the parenchyma layer are highly significant characters that reveal interspecific relationships within the examined taxa. The results are also compared with Meyer’s findings and classification of 1973, 1979, 1991, and 2001, and taxon transfers are questioned. In addition, a key is provided for the identification of the examined taxa based on seed characteristics.
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    Seed structure of some taxa of the genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) series Crocus
    (Turkish Journal of Botany, 2018-12) Karaismailoğlu, Mehmet Cengiz; Şık, Levent; Çiftçi, Almıla; Erol, Osman
    In this study, the macro- and micromorphological seed characteristics of the genus Crocus L. series Crocus taxa, including C. pallasii, C. turcicus, C. dispathaceus, C. asumaniae, C. mathewii, C. thomasii, C. oreocreticus, and C. cartwrightianus, were observed. Morphological characteristics, such as the size, shape, color, and seed surface structures, were analyzed using stereo and scanning electron microscopes. Testa layer structures including the outer and inner testae, phytomelan layer structure and thickness, and seed endosperm cell features were studied. Differences in the seed, raphe size, seed surface patterns, inner testa features, and phytomelan layer thickness were observed at an interspecific level. The results revealed differences in the seed morphology and anatomy with a few exceptions.
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    Thlaspi L. sensu lato (Turpgiller / Brassicaceae)’nun Bazı TaksonlarındaTohum Musilaj İçerikleri ve Ekolojik Önemi
    (2020) Karaismailoğlu, Mehmet Cengiz; Erol, Osman
    Yedi Thlaspi sensu lato taksonunun (T. arvense, T. kotschyanum, T. perfoliatum, T.annuum, T. praecox subsp. praecox, T. densiflorum ve T. alliaceum) tohumlarında yüzeymusilaj hücreleri bulunur ve hidrasyon boyunca miksospermi örtü formasyonunu üretirler.İncelenen taksonlarda musilaj, pektinlerden veya selülozdan oluşur ve musilaj hücreleritohumlarda farklı anatomik tabakalarda bulunmuştur. Ek olarak, incelenen Thlaspitaksonlarında belirgin, azaltılmış veya düzleştirilmiş kolumella şekillerinde farklılıklar vardı.Çalışma konusu içindeki Thlaspi taksonlarında toprak yapışma kapasiteleri 39 mg ila 271 mgarasında değişmiştir. Musilaj; tohumun dağılmasında ve Thlaspi taksonlarındaki yenihabitatlara yayılmada kilit bir role sahip olabilir.