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  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    Determination of Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in Organic Almond Production in Turkey
    (Springer, 2020) Baran, Mehmet Firat; Eren, Omer; Gokdogan, Osman; Oguz, Halil Ibrahim
    The purpose of this study is to make the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of organic almond production. This study was performed for 2016 production season in Adiyaman province of Turkey in 2017. The data provided from study were collected from 93 different farms by face to face surveys with full count method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in organic almond production were calculated to determine the energy efficiency analysis. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in organic almond production were calculated respectively as 7320.30 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(37.21%) diesel fuel energy, 5421.17 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(27.56%) machinery energy, 3818.86 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(19.41%) human labour energy, 1632 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(8.30%) irrigation energy, 1344 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(6.83%) farmyard manure energy, 128.15 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(0.65%) organic chemicals energy and 5.94 & x202f;MJ ha(-1)(0.03%) lime energy. Total input energy was calculated as 19,670.42 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). Energy values of organic almond yield were calculated as 39,811.80 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 2.02, 14.05 & x202f;MJ kg(-1), 0.07 & x202f;kg MJ(-1)and 20,141.38 & x202f;MJ ha(-1). The consumed total energy input in organic almond production could be classified as 64.93% direct, 35.07% indirect, 34.54% renewable and 65.46% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 2518.46 & x202f;kg CO(2-eq)ha(-1)for organic almond production with the greatest portions for human labour (54.16%). The human labour followed up machine usage (15.28%), diesel fuel consumption (14.25%), water consumption of irrigation (10.80%), farmyard manure usage (5.16%), organic chemicals usage (0.34%) and lime usage (0.02%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 1.80 & x202f;kg CO(2-eq)kg(-1)in organic almond production.
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    Öğe
    Determination of Energy Use Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Production in Adiyaman Province
    (Springer, 2022) Gokdogan, Osman; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Eren, Omer; Oguz, Halil Ibrahim
    The purpose of this research is to perform the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of pistachio production. This research was performed for 2016 and 2017 production season in Adiyaman province of Turkey in dry conditions in 2017. The data supplied from research were collected from 152 different farms by face to face surveys with simple random sampling method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in pistachio production were computed to determine the energy use efficiency. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in pistachio production were computed respectively as 4561.11 MJ ha(-1) (35.50%) diesel fuel energy, 3206.24 MJ ha(-1) (24.96%) chemical fertilizers energy, 2420.93 MJ ha(-1) (18.84%) machinery energy, 1020.06 MJ ha(-1) (7.94%) human labour energy, 715.69 MJ ha(-1) (5.57%) animal labour energy, 656.95 MJ ha(-1) (5.11%) farmyard manure energy and 266.16 MJ ha(-1) (2.07%) chemicals energy. Total input energy was computed as 12,847.14 MJ ha(-1). Energy values of pistachio yield were computed as 15,008.65 MJ ha(-1). Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy computations were computed respectively as 1.17, 22.32 MJ kg(-1), 0.04 kg MJ(-1) and 2161.51 MJ ha(-1). The consumed total energy input in pistachio production can be classified as 49.01% direct, 50.99% indirect, 18.62% renewable and 81.38% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was computed as 1123.72 kg CO(2-eq)ha(-1) for pistachio production with the greatest portions for human labour (32.42%). The human labour followed up chemical fertilizers usage (23.21%), diesel fuel consumption (19.89%), machinery usage (15.30%), farmyard manure usage (5.65%), chemicals usage (3.25%) and animal labour usage (0.27%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.95 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in pistachio production.
  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    Energy Balance and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions of Organic Fig (Ficus carica L.) Production in Turkey
    (Springer, 2022) Oguz, Halil Ibrahim; Baran, Mehmet Firat; Gokdogan, Osman; Eren, Omer; Solak, Mehmet
    This study was conducted in an organic fig farm in the 2017 production season in Adiyaman, Tut, at the Southeast Anatolia in Turkey. According to the findings, the energy inputs of organic fig production were calculated respectively as 2217.57 MJ ha(-1) (38.07%) human labour energy, 2025 MJ ha(-1) (34.76%) farmyard manure energy, 858.73 MJ ha(-1) (14.74%) diesel fuel energy, 545.29 MJ ha(-1) (9.36%) machinery energy, 79.72 MJ ha(-1) (1.37%) electricity energy, 49.56 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) transportation energy and 49.30 MJ ha(-1) (0.85%) irrigation water energy. The energy yield of organic fig was calculated as 12,900 MJ ha(-1). The energy output-input ratio, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy calculations were calculated as 2.21, 1.08 MJ kg(-1), 0.92 kg MJ(-1), and 7074.83 MJ ha(-1), respectively. Total input energy consumption in organic fig production was classified as 55.02% direct, 44.98% indirect, 73.67% renewable, and 26.33% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 1109.02 kgCO(2-eq)ha(-1). The most significant portion was human labor (71.41%). The second most significant value was farmyard manure usage (17.65%), and others were as follows: diesel fuel consumption (3.80%), machinery usage (3.49%), electricity consumption (2.38%), water consumption of irrigation (1.20%) and transportation (0.07%). Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 0.21 kgCO(2-eq)kg(-1) in organic fig.