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    Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anticholinergic, and Antiglaucoma Effects of Magnofluorine
    (Mdpi, 2022) Durmaz, Lokman; Kiziltas, Hatice; Guven, Leyla; Karagecili, Hasan; Alwasel, Saleh; Gulcin, Ilhami
    Magnofluorine, a secondary metabolite commonly found in various plants, has pharmacological potential; however, its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects have not been investigated. We investigated the antioxidant potential of Magnofluorine using bioanalytical assays with 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(center dot+)), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD center dot+), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH center dot) scavenging abilities and K-3[Fe(CN)(6)] and Cu2+ reduction abilities. Further, we compared the effects of Magnofluorine and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), alpha-Tocopherol, and Trolox as positive antioxidant controls. According to the analysis results, Magnofluorine removed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with an IC50 value of 10.58 mu g/mL. The IC50 values of BHA, BHT, Trolox, and alpha-Tocopherol were 10.10 mu g/mL, 25.95 mu g/mL, 7.059 mu g/mL, and 11.31 mu g/mL, respectively. Our results indicated that the DPPH center dot scavenging effect of Magnofluorine was similar to that of BHA, close to that of Trolox, and better than that of BHT and alpha-tocopherol. The inhibition effect of Magnofluorine was examined against enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alpha-glycosidase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II), which are linked to global disorders, such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and glaucoma. Magnofluorine inhibited these metabolic enzymes with Ki values of 10.251.94, 5.991.79, 25.411.10, and 30.563.36 nM, respectively. Thus, Magnofluorine, which has been proven to be an antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticholinergic in our study, can treat glaucoma. In addition, molecular docking was performed to understand the interactions between Magnofluorine and target enzymes BChE (D: 6T9P), hCA II (A:3HS4), AChE (B:4EY7), and alpha-glycosidase (C:5NN8). The results suggest that Magnofluorine may be an important compound in the transition from natural sources to industrial applications, especially new drugs.
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    Evaluation of Carbonic Anhydrase, Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, and ?-Glycosidase Inhibition Effects and Antioxidant Activity of Baicalin Hydrate
    (Mdpi, 2023) Durmaz, Lokman; Karagecili, Hasan; Gulcin, Ilhami
    Baicalin is the foremost prevalent flavonoid found in Scutellaria baicalensis. It also frequently occurs in many multi-herbal preparations utilized in Eastern countries. The current research has assessed and compared the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antiglaucoma properties of baicalin hydrate. Baicalin hydrate was tested for its antioxidant capacity using a variety of techniques, including N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride radical (DMPD center dot+) scavenging activity, 2,2 '-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS(center dot+)) scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH center dot) scavenging activity, potassium ferric cyanide reduction ability, and cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing activities. Also, for comparative purposes, reference antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, alpha-Tocopherol, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were employed. Baicalin hydrate had an IC50 value of 13.40 mu g/mL (r(2): 0.9940) for DPPH radical scavenging, whereas BHA, BHT, Trolox, and alpha-Tocopherol had IC50 values of 10.10, 25.95, 7.059, and 11.31 mu g/mL for DPPH center dot scavenging, respectively. These findings showed that baicalin hydrate had comparably close and similar DPPH center dot scavenging capability to BHA, alpha-tocopherol, and Trolox, but it performed better than BHT. Additionally, apart from these studies, baicalin hydrate was tested for its ability to inhibit a number of metabolic enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and alpha-glycosidase, which have been linked to several serious illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), glaucoma, and diabetes, where the K-i values of baicalin hydrate toward the aforementioned enzymes were 10.01 +/- 2.86, 3.50 +/- 0.68, 19.25 +/- 1.79, and 26.98 +/- 9.91 nM, respectively.
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    Hamamelitannin's Antioxidant Effect and Its Inhibition Capability on ?-Glycosidase, Carbonic Anhydrase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Butyrylcholinesterase Enzymes
    (Mdpi, 2024) Durmaz, Lokman; Karagecili, Hasan; Erturk, Adem; Ozden, Eda Mehtap; Taslimi, Parham; Alwasel, Saleh; Gulcin, Ilhami
    Hamamelitannin (2 ',5-di-O-galloyl-hamamelose) bears two-gallate moieties in its structure, and is a natural phenolic product in the leaves and the bark of Hamamelis virginiana. The antioxidant capacity of hamamelitannin was evaluated by a range of methods, with the following findings: the ability to reduce potassium ferric cyanide; the scavenging of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride radical (DMPD center dot+); the scavenging of 2,2 '-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS center dot+); the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH center dot); and the ability to reduce cupric ions (Cu2+). Additionally, reference antioxidants of alpha-Tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used for comparison. For DPPH radical scavenging, hamamelitannin had an IC50 value of 19.31 mu g/mL, while the IC50 values for BHA, BHT, Trolox, and alpha-Tocopherol were 10.10, 25.95, 7.05, and 11.31 mu g/mL, respectively. The study found that hamamelitannin functioned similarly to BHA, alpha-tocopherol, and Trolox in terms of DPPH center dot scavenging, but better than BHT. Additionally, as a polyphenolic secondary metabolite, the hamamelitannin inhibition capability of several metabolic enzymes was demonstrated, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and alpha-glycosidase. The Ki values of hamamelitannin exhibited 7.40, 1.99, 10.18, 18.26, and 25.79 nM toward AChE, BChE, hCA I, hCA II, and alpha-glycosidase, respectively.
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    Potential antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities and molecular docking of spiraeoside as a secondary metabolite of onion (Allium cepa)
    (Elsevier, 2023) Durmaz, Lokman; Kiziltas, Hatice; Karagecili, Hasan; Alwasel, Saleh; Gulcin, Lhami
    Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-b-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative flavonoids in onion. Several antioxidant techniques were used in this investigation to assess the antioxidant capabilities of spiraeoside, including 1,1diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPHGreek ano teleia) scavenging, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical (DMPD'') scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS'') scavenging activities, cupric ions (Cu2') reducing and potassium ferric cyanide reduction abilities. In contrast, the water-soluble a-tocopherol analogue trolox and the conventional antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and a-tocopherol were utilized as the standards for evaluation. Spiraeoside scavenged the DPPH radicals an IC50 of 28.51 mu g/mL (r2: 0.9705) meanwhile BHA, BHT, trolox, and a-tocopherol displayed IC50 of 10.10 mu g/mL (r2: 0.9015), 25.95 mu g/mL (r2: 0.9221), 7.059 mu g/mL (r2: 0.9614) and 11.31 mu g/mL (r2: 0.9642), accordingly. The results exhibited that spiraeoside had effects similar to BHT, but less potent than a-tocopherol, trolox and BHA. Also, inhibitory effects of spiraeoside were evaluated toward some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and a-glycosidase, which are related to a number of illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes mellitus and glaucoma disorder. Spiraeoside exhibited IC50 values of 4.44 nM (r2: 0.9610), 7.88 nM (r2: 0.9784), 19.42 nM (r2: 0.9673) and 29.17 mM (r2: 0.9209), respectively against these enzymes. Enzyme inhibition abilities were compared to clinical used inhibitors including acetazolamide (for CA II), tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and acarbose (for a-glycosidase). Spiraeoside demonstrated effective antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities. With these properties, it has shown that Spiraeoside has the potential to be a medicine for some metabolic diseases. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).