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    The effects of point pollutants-originated heavy metals (lead, copper, iron, and cadmium) on fish living in Yeilrmak River, Turkey
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2016) Polat, Fatih; Akin, Senol; Yildirim, Alper; Dal, Tarik
    In this study, the association between heavy metals in water and cyprinids sampled from the Yeilrmak River stretch, which is frequently exposed to pollutant sources (a sugar production factory (Turhal) and solid wastes dump area (Talciftlik) was explored, and the oxidative effects of heavy metals on cyprinids were evaluated through analyzing some liver enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and cortisol. The heavy metal concentrations of both fish and water, collected from three different locations along the river during the summer of 2011 and winter of 2010 (Turhal, Talciftlik, and Gumenek), were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The water and fish liver heavy metal concentrations exhibited increasing trends from upstream (Gumenek) to downstream (Turhal). The water and liver samples collected during the summer had higher heavy metal concentrations than those obtained during the winter. The mean heavy metal concentrations increased from Gumenek to Turhal. The liver heavy metal concentrations were higher than those in the water and exhibited almost the same increasing trend from Gumenek to Turhal. Positive relationships between liver and water heavy metal concentrations, especially for cadmium (R-2 = 0.91) and lead (R-2 = 0.98), were obtained. Among the liver enzymes, only MDA followed the same increasing trend from Gumenek to Turhal as was obtained for heavy metals. On the other hand, CAT and SOD had a contrary spatial pattern of change to those of heavy metals and MDA. Although the values of heavy metals and MDA in Talciftlik were between the two other locations, fish inhabiting this locality had significantly higher values of cortisol, which is an indication of the other stress-causing factors for fish.
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    Öğe
    THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON BLOOD PARAMETERS OF CYPRINIDS IN YESILIRMAK RIVER OF TURKEY: ARE THE FISH AT STRESS DUE TO TRASH DUMPING AREA?
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2011) Akin, Senol; Polat, Fatih; Yildirim, Alper; Dal, Tarik
    The variations in concentrations of stress-indicator blood parameters, such as serum glucose, aspartate, alkaline, lactate, cortisol, sodium, chlorine, calcium and magnesium, in two species of cyprinids (Squalius cephalus and Capoeta banarescui) exposed to the point pollutant sources (trash dump area and sugar factory) in Upper Yesilirmak River, Turkey were determined. Responses of blood parameters to environmental parameters, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium and ortho-phosphate, were also evaluated to identify the most important environmental parameters that could cause stress to the fish. Water and fish samples were collected at three stations (Turhal, Tasliciftlik and Gumenek - control station) located in the Upper Yesiirmak River section in the city of Tokat, during winter 2009 and summer 2010. The ammonia and orthophosphate concentrations in Tasliciftlik station, where trash dumping area is located, were significantly higher (2.70 mg/L NH(3)-N, 4.14 mg/L PO(4)(-3)) than the control station, Gumenek (0.31 mg/L NH(3)-N, 0.11 mg/L PO(4)(-3)). In parallel to this finding of higher ammonia and ortho-phosphate concentrations in Tasliciftlik, concentrations of stress-indicator blood parameters, such as cortisol, alanine, aspartate, lactate (76.36 ug/dl cortisol, 1082 U/L alanine, 1143 U/L aspartate, 9564 U/L lactate) and magnesium (16 mg/L) were also significantly higher but concentration of sodium was lower than at the other stations, which suggested that fish inhabiting in trash dump area were under stress due to not heavy metals, which were higher in the station near the sugar factory, but more likely ammonia and ortho-phosphate or other substances leaking to the river from the trash dump area.