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    Determination of Some Quality and Safety Parameters for Black Raisin Juice
    (April, 2019) Aslan, Yakup; Hussein, Hawsar Syamand; Abdullah, Seerwan Ahmed; Cavidoğlu, İsa
    The aim of the present study was to determine the safety and the quality parameters of raisin juice, such as total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), kinds and quantity of sugars, phenolic acid compounds, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) enzyme activity, water activity and total microbial counts. The total soluble solids and pH values were significantly decreased after two weeks of storage, while the titratable acidity in most samples were slightly changed. Glucose, fructose and sucrose as well as three kinds of phenolic acids such as gallic, chlorogenic and vanilic acids were determined in all samples. Total microbial contents of the freshly prepared raisin juice and of the raisin juice stored for one and two weeks did not significantly changed. The water activity was slightly decreased, while the polyphenoloxidase activity was significantly decreased, after storage for two weeks. Consequently, it can be said that the freshly prepared raisin juice and the raisin juice stored for one week have superior sensorial properties than the raisin juice stored for two weeks.
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    The effect of feeding system on slaughter-carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of lambs
    (Arch. Anim. Breed, 2016) Karaca, Serhat; Yılmaz, Ayhan; Kor, Aşkın; Bingöl, Mehmet; Cavidoğlu, İsa; Ser, Gazel
    In this study, we aimed to determine the slaughter-carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acid composition in lambs raised under intensive and extensive conditions. The animal material consisted of 30 Norduz male lambs, with an average age of 171 days. The lambs were divided into two groups: concentrate-fed lambs (CO) and pasture-fed lambs (PS). The results showed that the CO lambs had heavier carcasses (p<0:001), a higher dressing percentage (p<0:001), and higher intramuscular fat (p<0:01) than the PS lambs. It was determined that the longissimus thoracis muscle of the CO lambs had a lower ultimate pH and higher L and water-holding capacity than the PS lambs. In this study, intramuscular fat (longissimus thoracis, semimembranosus, triceps brachii), subcutaneous and tail fat samples were used to evaluate the effect of feeding system on fatty acid composition. The polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA= SFA) of intramuscular fat was found to be significantly higher in the CO group than in the PS lambs, while similar subcutaneous and tail fat results were found in both groups. Moreover, the PS lambs had a lower n6 = n3 ratio and higher percentage of omega-3 than the CO lambs in all tissues studied (p<0:05). Overall, the CO lambs have heavier and fattier carcasses with better meat quality traits than the PS lambs. However, the effects of feeding system have varying results based on the fatty acid composition of different types of fat deposits.
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    Improved catalytic activity of aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase by covalent immobilization on eupergit cm
    (Descember, 2018) Aslan, Yakup; Taher, Alan Yaseen; Cavidoğlu, İsa
    In this study, Aspergillus oryzae β-Galactosidase (AOG) was immobilized onto Eupergit CM. By optimizing the immobilization conditions such as pH and molarity of immobilization buffer, enzyme/support ratio and duration of immobilization, 100.00% immobilization yield and 129.82% activity yield was achieved. The optimum temperature (55 °C) of free enzyme was not changed while optimum pH of free enzyme was shifted from 4.5 to 5.5 after immobilization. Kinetic constants for free and immobilized enzyme were also determined by using the Lineweaver-Burk plot. The Km values of the free and immobilized enzymes were determined to be 307.7 and 234.2 g / L respectively, while the Vmax values were determined to be 0.366 g D-Glucose / L.min and 0.415 g D-Glucose / L.min respectively. The operational and storage stabilities of immobilized enzyme were also studied. The activity of immobilized enzyme decreased to 99.3% after repeated twenty usage while decreased to 98.3% after fifteen days of storage. Further, the immobilized enzyme was used for the hydrolyzing the cow's milk lactose. By using the immobilized enzyme, the milk lactose was completely hydrolyzed in four hours. Consequently, immobilized AOG can be used in the industrial production of lactose-free cow's milk.