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    FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression
    (Mdpi, 2022) Bektas, Yasemin
    Early blight (EB), caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani, is one of the most common and destructive diseases in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The use of fungicides is a prominent tactic used to control EB; however, their undesirable effects on the environment and human health, as well as involvement in the development of resistant strains, have driven researchers to search for new alternatives. Plant defense elicitors are exogenous defense-triggering molecules that induce a plant's defense system associated with extensive transcriptional- and metabolic reprogramming of the genome and do not cause direct toxicity to phytopathogens. Moreover, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) was an early-identified and strong plant defense elicitor to various phytopathogens. Recently, the combination of chitosan oligomers and pectin-derived oligogalacturonides that can mimic the induction of plants by a pathogen or damaged-derived molecules (PAMP and DAMP) were characterized as defense elicitors, named FytoSol. In this study, the preventive roles of these two defense elicitors-FytoSol and INA-against EB disease and its molecular basis, were explored. According to the results, FytoSol significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 30% for almost one month with an AUDPC value of 399 compared to the control, which had an AUDPC value of 546. On the contrary, INA did not provide any protection against EB. Gene expression analyses of these two distinct plant defense elicitors indicated that the expression patterns of several SA-, JA-, or ET-pathway-related genes (Pti4, TPK1b, Pto kinase, TomloxD, PRB1-2, SABP2, WRKY33b, WRKY70, PR-5, and PR3) were induced by defense elicitors differently. FytoSol extensively upregulated gene expressions of PR3, downregulated the SA-related defense pathway, and provided remarkable protection against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani. On the contrary, INA mostly induced genes related to biotrophic and/or hemibiotrophic pathogen protection. Our results indicate that FytoSol is a promising plant defense elicitor against EB and the modes of action of the elicitors are important to characterize their effects against pathogens. Further research may extend the use of defense elicitors as alternatives to pesticides in agriculture.
  • [ X ]
    Öğe
    The synthetic elicitors 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid (INA) and 2,4-dichloro-6-{(E)-[(3-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (DPMP) enhances tomato resistance against bacterial canker disease with different molecular mechanisms
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Bektas, Yasemin
    Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial canker disease in tomato and causes significant economic losses. Since there are no commercial tomato cultivars fully resistant against Cmm, alternative approaches need to be applied for plant protection. 2,6-dichloro-isonicotinic acid (INA) and 2,4-dichloro-6-{(E)[(3-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (DPMP) are two of the potent synthetic elicitors that induce plant immune responses, and protect plants against several diseases or reduce the severity of such diseases. The objective of this study was, to determine the effects of INA and DPMP application on tolerance to Cmm in tomato for the first time at disease incidence and molecular levels. 100 mu M INA and 10 mu M DPMP were applied to plants two days before Cmm inoculation. Disease severity, lesion lengths, and impact of Cmm on plant growth were determined. Relative expression of some marker defense genes was determined. According to the results, INA and DPMP applied plants had 42% and 30% reduced lesion lengths. Gene expression analyses indicated that while both synthetic elicitors reduced the disease severity of the Cmm, INA and DPMP induced molecular defense mechanisms differently. While both are related to the Salicylic acid defense pathway, INA induced gene expressions of PR-5, WRKY33b, PAL, and WRKY70, however, DPMP induced PR-1 and WRKY70. Taken together, our results indicated that both INA and DPMP reduced the severity of the disease with different mode-of-action and DPMP has reduced the severity of disease at a much lower concentration compared to INA.