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    A review on analysis and modeling of electrical machine insulation system
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Raziq, Hira; Batool, Munira; Nawaz, Fawad; Akgul, Ali; Afzal, Farkhanda; Hassani, Murad Khan
    Electrical machines are usually operated in a very harsh environment, therefore great attention has to be given towards the designing of insulating materials and insulation systems. The severe operating environment invites corrosion, humidity, high temperature, and so on. This article is a review of electrical machine's insulation design, techniques, and methodologies for modeling and testing the insulation materials and the recent advancements in this field. Several testing standards and methods to detect insulation failure have been discussed. Case studies of insulation failure in the electrical machine have been discussed to draw the reader's attention towards a more realistic approach. Issues related to high voltage insulation systems used in industries like aerospace electric powertrain, hydro generators and, wind turbine generators have been briefed in the article. Partial discharge monitoring techniques are explored in this article. Its consequences on most emerging and advanced high voltage, high-altitude aerospace applications, will be discussed. Finally, polymer nanocomposite materials with exceptional dielectric strength or thermal conductivity are underlined as an outlook for future consideration in machine insulation design.
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    Power quality improvement of a distribution system integrating a large scale solar farm using hybrid modular multilevel converter with ZSV control
    (Elsevier, 2023) Raziq, Hira; Batool, Munira; Riaz, Saleem; Afzal, Farkhanda; Akgul, Ali; Riaz, Muhammad Bilal
    Photovoltaic system is a major source of power generation. Its production is affected by the varying shad-ing conditions that occur due to changing weather and other environmental factors. The modular multi-level converter (MMLC) is a promising selection to achieve high power. However, to achieve more levels of voltages the conventional MMLC requires more cells which eventually increases the complexity and losses. In this paper, the hybrid MMLC is proposed which have fewer IGBT switches for the same number of output level which eventually decreases the losses and improves the voltage output. The production of power is enhanced due to the series and parallel connection of half and full bridge cells in the converter configuration. The power quality issues such as voltage, current, and power are also satisfactorily handled by the converter without using any active or passive filters. However, due to the variation of input irra-diation and temperature the output parameters such as Voltage, current and power show disturbance. Mitigation of these unbalances for a grid connected converter is important to stabilize the control and the quality of power injected into the grid. Therefore, zero sequence control (ZSC) is proposed for produc-ing the balanced power during unstable input parameters. For ensuring the balanced power among the phases of the Converter to be fed to the grid zero sequence voltage (ZSV) is injected in each phase of the converter output validating the power balancing among the phases fed to the low voltage grid. Simulation results are presented to assess the output parameters before and after the injection of ZSV in the low voltage (LV) grid connected Hybrid MMLC of a large scale PV system and demonstrate the improved performance. This investigation is verified by simulation results with PSCAD software.(c) 2023 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni-versity. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/).