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Öğe Effects of long-term conventional and conservational tillage systems on biochemical soil health indicators in the Mediterranean region(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Acir, Nurullah; Gunal, Hikmet; Celik, Ismail; Barut, Zeliha Bereket; Budak, Mesut; Kilic, SerefImproved soil health is essential to sustain agricultural production. Therefore, understanding the effects of management on soil health is crucial to implement new agricultural practices. This study aimed to assess the effects of long-term tillage systems on biochemical indicators of a Typic Haploxerert soil under winter wheat-soybean-corn rotation in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. The experiment consisted of two conventional (CT), three reduced (RT), no-tillage (NT), and a strategic tillage practice. The biochemical indicators were total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potential mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), microbial quotient (qM), beta-glucosidase enzyme activity (BGA), and carbon sequestration (Cs) potential. The SOC significantly decreased with the increased tillage intensity, while the tillage had a little effect on PMN, with its highest concentration (78.2 mg kg(-1)) occurring in the NT. The qM was the only indicator found to be higher under CT than RT and similar to the NT. The BGA peaked in NT which was 460.2 and 536.3% higher than that of the CT. The results showed that SOC, MBC, PMN, BGA and Cs were enhanced with the NT and RT systems which favor sustainability of agricultural production.Öğe Evaluating the long-term effects of tillage systems on soil structural quality using visual assessment and classical methods(Wiley, 2020) Celik, Ismail; Gunal, Hikmet; Acar, Mert; Acir, Nurullah; Barut, Zeliha Bereket; Budak, MesutCurrent agricultural practices and their impacts on the sustainability of crop production can be evaluated by simple and reliable soil structure assessment tools. The study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term (2006-2017) tillage systems on structural quality of a clayey soil using the visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS) and classical field and laboratory measurements. A field experiment with seven tillage systems, representing both traditional and conservation tillage methods, was conducted on a clayey soil in the Cukurova region, Turkey. Soil samples from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-25 cm depths were analysed for mean weight diameter (MWD), porosity and organic carbon. Penetration resistance (PR) was determined in each treatment plot. The VESS scores (<2) of upper 0-5 cm indicated a good structural quality for all tillage systems. The VESS scores were positively related to PR and MWD and negatively to macroporosity (MaP) and total porosity. In reduced and no-till systems, poorer soil structures were observed in subsurface layers where firm platy and angular blocky structures were defined. Mean VESS score (3.29) in 20-25 cm depth where PR was 3.01 MPa under no-till indicated a deterioration of soil structural quality; thus, immediate physical interventions would be needed. Lower VESS scores and PR values under strategic tillage which was created by ploughing half of no-till plots in November 2015 indicated successful correction of compaction caused by long-term no-till. The results suggest that the VESS approach is sensitive and useful in distinguishing compacted layers within the topsoil.Öğe Soil quality assessment to compare tillage systems in Cukurova Plain, Turkey(Elsevier B.V., 2021) Çelik, İsmail; Günal, Hikmet; Acir, Nurullah; Barut, Zeliha Bereket; Budak, MesutAgricultural practices should be carefully monitored for long-term impacts on soil quality to avoid further deterioration in ecosystem services provided by soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two conventional (CT), three reduced (RT) and two no-till (NT) tillage practices on soil quality of a clayey soil in a ten-year experiment using Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). The field experiment was established in 2006 with six tillage methods, and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean (Glycine max. L.) – grain corn (Zea mays L.) crop rotation. The NT plots were divided into two parts, i.e., half of them were plowed with a moldboard plow during November 2015, and this practice was defined as strategic tillage (ST), while the remaining half was left undisturbed (NT). Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at three depths (0?10, 10?20 and 20?30 cm) from experimental plots in 2016. Fourteen soil quality indicators, including physical, chemical and biochemical properties were determined to assess soil quality. Soil productivity, water relations (WR), resistance and resilience (RR), and physical stability and support (PSS) functions defined in SMAF were calculated. The RR and PSS function scores were significantly higher at 0?10 cm depth under conservational tillage methods (RT and NT) compared to CT methods. Low nutrient content, compaction, aggregate size and stability values in 10?30 cm depth decreased the functioning potential. The RR function at 0?10 cm depth in NT method was 103 % and 72 % higher than CT-1 and CT-2, respectively. All soil functions under RT and NT methods decreased with depth. The ST significantly increased PSS and WR functions in all sampling depths and overall soil quality in 10?20 and 20?30 cm depths compared to long-term NT method. The comparison of soil functions and overall soil quality indices helped to identify the effects of different tillage practices on functional potential of the soil. Furthermore, soil quality assessment using soil functions provides an overview to distinguish the pros and cons of tillage practices on sustainability of the crop production. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Öğe Strategic tillage may sustain the benefits of long-term no-till in a Vertisol under Mediterranean climate(2019-01-15) Çelik, İsmail; Günal, Hikmet; Acar, Mert; Acir, Nurullah; Barut, Zeliha Bereket; Budak, MesutLong-term no-till or reduced tillage may decline functioning ability of soils due to surface/subsurface compaction and/or stratification of plant nutrients. A long-term (ten years) field experiment was established in 2006 in the Çukurova region of Turkey to evaluate the impact of tillage on the physical properties of a soil under a Mediterranean climate. The tillage systems investigated included two conventional (CT-1 and CT-2), three reduced (RT-1, RT-2 and RT-3) and two no-till (NT and ST), including strategic/occasional tillage. Nine-year old undisturbed no-till plots were divided into two categories and half of these plots were plowed by a moldboard plow in November 2015, and this practice was defined as strategic tillage (ST), while remaining half of the plots left undisturbed. Soil samples were collected from disturbed and undisturbed plots of NT as well as plots under other tillage systems from three soil depths (i.e., 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) in November 2016. The crop rotation at the experimental areas was winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean (Glycine max. L.) – grain maize (Zea mays L.) – winter wheat. Soil samples were analyzed for aggregate stability (AS), mean weight diameter (MWD), bulk density (BD), water filled pore space (WFPS), water content at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), available water content (PAW), micropores (MiP), macropores (MaP), total porosity (TP), and penetration resistance (PR). The ST decreased MWD of surface soil compared to NT by 7.2%, while MWD under ST was higher than NT by 78.0% and 103.6% for 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths, respectively. The NT and RT resulted higher BD and PR, and lower MaP and TP than CT and ST in all three depths, though the values were generally not limiting for crop growth. The ST significantly (P < 0.01) decreased BD and PR within 30 cm of soil surface. However, water content at FC, PWP and also PAW in 0–10 and 10–20 cm depths were significantly reduced with ST compared to NT. The ST significantly (P < 0.01) increased the MaP and TP compared to NT which favors better aeration and water movement. The mean WFPS under NT, RT-2 and RT-3 systems in 0–10 cm and with all tillage systems (except ST in 10–20 cm) in subsurface layers were higher than 60%, which is considered a threshold for nitrogen losses as N2O fluxes. Implementation of ST into conservational practices under Mediterranean climate could be a viable management option to overcome some of the disadvantages of long-term conservation tillage and thereby to improve physical soil conditions for crop growth, air and water movement.
