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    A study on the effects of nanoparticle addition to a diesel engine operating in dual fuel mode
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Arslan, Esenay; Atelge, M. Rasit; Kahraman, Nafiz; uenalan, Sebahattin
    In this study, a diesel engine was operated both in dual fuel mode and with nanoparticle additives. The aim is to experimentally investigate the effect of both carbon nanotube additives and the addition of hydrogen/natural gas mixture to the combustion air in a compression ignition engine. 100%NG, 10%H2 + 90%NG, and 20%H2 + 80% NG gas mixtures were added to the diesel with and without CNT additives at a mass flow rate of 250 g/h using combustion air. 50 ppm nanoparticles were added to one liter of liquid fuel and mixed with an ultrasonic mixer to form a diesel fuel-CNT mixture. Engine tests were carried out at constant speed and four different engine loads and no-load conditions. Under all load conditions, in-cylinder pressure, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions were investigated. Based on the experimental results, the combustion of CNT-added diesel fuel with gaseous fuels has made significant contributions to the basic engine performance parameters. The diesel with CNT additive reached a cylinder pressure of approximately 64 bar, while the D@50ppm + NG@90%+H2@10% mixture provided a 2% increase in in-cylinder pressure compared to diesel fuel. The D@50ppm + NG@90%+H2@10% also offered the highest value among all fuel alternatives with a brake thermal efficiency of 39% at full load, resulting in 9% more efficient than diesel fuel. Gas mixtures with CNT additives effectively reduced CO and HC emissions compared to other mixtures except for diesel and D@50ppm.
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    Comparative investigation of multi-walled carbon nanotube modified diesel fuel and biogas in dual fuel mode on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Atelge, M. R.; Arslan, Esenay; Krisa, David; Al-Samaraae, R. R.; Abut, Serdar; unalan, Sebahattin; Atabani, A. E.
    Biogas has been investigated as an alternative biofuel in dual fuel operating mode in a direct injection diesel engine. However, there is not sufficient information about using modified fuels with biogas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of modified diesel fuel and biogas on combustion behavior, performance, and emissions characteristics at 1500 rpm constant speed with 5 different load conditions at an interval of 25%. Diesel was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes with 30, 60, and 90 ppm. Diesel fuel and three modified fuels were used as pilot fuel and biogas was introduced through the intake manifold with the flow rate of 500 g/h as the primary fuel. Diesel mode fuels were denominated F1 while dual fuel mode fuels were labeled as F2, and the concentration levels were given subscript such as F2 (@60ppm). The experimental study revealed that modified fuel showed better combustion behaviors, performance, and emissions in comparison to diesel fuel. Further, the same trend was observed in the dual fuel mode. The maximum pressure of F2(@60 ppm) was 1% higher than F2 under dual fuel mode at the full load. Moreover, the coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure for dual fuel mode was found approximately 9.2, 6.9, 6.2, and 7.2% for F2, F2(@30 ppm), F2(@60 ppm), and F2(@90 ppm), respectively at full load. In addition, the energy share of biogas increased by 7.9, 8.7, and 7.1% for F2(@30 ppm), F2(@60 ppm), and F2(@90 ppm), respectively in comparison with F2 at full load. The highest decrease of brake specific energy consumption under the dual mode was obtained to be an 8% drop from F2(@60 ppm) compared to F2 at full load. At the same load, the brake thermal efficiency of F2(@30 ppm), F2(@60 ppm), and F2(@90 ppm) were noted to be 30.2, 30.4, and 30.0%, respectively which are higher than F2 (27.9%). The value of replaced diesel with biogas was noted 0.09, 0.23, 0.24, and 0.22 kg/h for F2, F2(@30 ppm), F2(@60 ppm), and F2(@90 ppm), respectively under the full load condition. Lastly, CO and HC emissions were almost the same value with and without modified fuel for dual fuel mode at the full load. Nevertheless, NO emission was slightly increased with modified fuel compared to F2. From these findings, it can be suggested that 60 ppm multi-walled carbon nanotubes additive can be an optimum level for combustion, performance, and emissions under the dual fuel mode.
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    Evaluation of hybrid nanoparticles to oxygenated fuel with ethanol and n-butanol on combustion behavior
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Atelge, M. R.; Arslan, Esenay; Kahraman, Nafiz; Unalan, Sebahattin
    The internal combustion engine type is widely used in diesel engines due to its energy efficiency. However, the use of conventional diesel has negative effects on human health and the environment. In an effort to find a more sustainable fuel option with less harmful emissions, the focus has shifted towards investigating the effects of hybrid nano additives, which are a combination of nonmetallic (graphene nanoplate) and metal oxide (TiO2), on conventional diesel (D) and oxygenated fuels (OF). The engine test was conducted at 4 different loading cases with increments of 25% from 25% to 100% at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The results showed that the modified fuels had superior combustion behaviors, such as peak in-cylinder pressure, combustion duration, and ignition delay, compared to conventional diesel and oxygenated fuels. The peak pressures in the cylinder of modified diesel (Dm) and modified oxygenated fuel (OFm) under full load increased by 2% and 2.9%, respectively, compared to conventional diesel (D). Additionally, the brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) of Dm and OFm were found to be 5.5% and 3% higher than D under the same test conditions. In terms of emission analysis, the modified fuels demonstrated superiority over the conventional diesel and oxygenated fuels. During full load conditions, the CO, UHC, and NO emissions of OFm compared to D dropped by 49.1%, 54.2%, and 4%, respectively. The study results indicate that the use of a hybrid fuel additive consisting of nonmetallic (graphene nanoplate) and metal oxide (TiO2) can significantly reduce harmful emissions and improve engine performance.
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    Examination of the effect on the engine of diesel-nanoparticle mixture with natural gas addition
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Arslan, Esenay; Atelge, M. Rasit; Kahraman, Nafiz; Unalan, Sebahattin; Ceper, Bilge A.
    Diesel engines have a broader application area and have a significant share in the transportation sector. Although there are restrictions on producing within the scope of emission standards, diesel fuel will remain important in heavy-duty vehicles for some time. Therefore, studies continue for environmentally friendly combustion and low emissions in diesel fuel. This paper reveals the results of using nanoparticle fuel with natural gas (NG) on diesel engine emissions and performance. In the experiments, the motor load was adjusted from no to full load by increasing it at 25% intervals. Three different diesel-nanoparticle blends containing 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 75 ppm carbon nanotube (CNT) were prepared and each of these blends was tested both with and without NG. In light of the test results, it has been seen that the D75ppmCNT + NG mixture is the best fuel mixture compared to both diesel and nanoparticle-added diesel since it provides the highest value in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and the lowest value in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at full load conditions. In the case of using a D75ppmCNT mixture, around 29% decrease in BSFC and about 28% increase in BTE were observed according to the diesel fuel use. In terms of emissions, when NG is added to the D + CNT fuel mixtures, there is an increment in CO and HC emissions and a slight reduction in NOx emissions at low and medium load.
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    Investigation of H2 enrichment of ternary blended fuel modified with graphene nanoplate on cycle-by-cycle variations
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Atelge, M. R.; Arslan, Esenay; Kahraman, Nafiz; Kaushal, Rajneesh; Unalan, Sebahattin
    Despite the global goal of achieving e-mobility in the future, the majority of the transportation sector still heavily relies on fossil fuels. Previous studies in the area have revealed the benefits of hydrogen additives and nanoparticles mixed with blended diesel fuels on engine performance and emissions. However, there is a significant gap in the research when it comes to exploring the combination of non-metallic nanoparticle additives with alcohol and diesel blend fuels under dual-fuel mode with hydrogen. In the study, a fuel blend (BF) comprising 80% diesel, 10% n-butanol, and 10% ethanol, which represents a potential alternative fuel composition for compression ignition engines, was specifically focused on. To further enhance the fuel properties and combustion characteristics, the addition of 50 ppm graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) was introduced as a non-metallic additive. By examining this novel fuel composition and investigating its impact under both single and dual-fuel mode, the dimension of hydrogen addition in the dual-fuel mode is aimed to explore potential synergistic effects. A diesel engine was used under dual fuel mode, with hydrogen fed at a rate of 0.25 g/min. The prepared fuels were tested at 1800 rpm engine speed by applying five different loads. 50 ppm GNP of modified fuels resulted in an increase of peak pressures by 3.1%, 4.2%, and 5.6% for DGNP, BFGNP, and BFGNP15H respectively, compared to D. At full load, the COVIMEP values were approximately 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 1.3%, and 1.6% for D, DGNP, BF, BFGNP, and BFGNP15H, respectively. In the term of thermal efficiency, BFGNP15H had a 3.9% lower BTE than BFGNP at 25% load, but BFGNP15H showed a 0.4% increase in BTE at full load compared to BFGNP. For emission analysis, BFGNP15H showed a reduction of 42.31%, 15.1%, and 10% in CO emissions compared to D, BF, and BFGNP, respectively, under full load in dual operating condition. However, the NO emissions of BFGNP15H were 7.2% higher than those of D under the same condition.(c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.