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    Breeding for water-use efficiency in wheat: progress, challenges and prospects
    (Springer, 2024) Hafeez, Aqsa; Ali, Shehzad; Javed, Muhammad Ammar; Iqbal, Rashid; Khan, Muhammad Nauman; Cig, Fatih; EL Sabagh, Ayman
    Drought poses a significant challenge to wheat production globally, leading to substantial yield losses and affecting various agronomic and physiological traits. The genetic route offers potential solutions to improve water-use efficiency (WUE) in wheat and mitigate the negative impacts of drought stress. Breeding for drought tolerance involves selecting desirable plants such as efficient water usage, deep root systems, delayed senescence, and late wilting point. Biomarkers, automated and high-throughput techniques, and QTL genes are crucial in enhancing breeding strategies and developing wheat varieties with improved resilience to water scarcity. Moreover, the role of root system architecture (RSA) in water-use efficiency is vital, as roots play a key role in nutrient and water uptake. Genetic engineering techniques offer promising avenues to introduce desirable RSA traits in wheat to enhance drought tolerance. These technologies enable targeted modifications in DNA sequences, facilitating the development of drought-tolerant wheat germplasm. The article highlighted the techniques that could play a role in mitigating drought stress in wheat.
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    Öğe
    Exploring the recuperative potential of brassinosteroids and nano-biochar on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat under drought stress
    (Nature Portfolio, 2023) Raza, Muhammad Aown Sammar; Ibrahim, Muhammad Arif; Ditta, Allah; Iqbal, Rashid; Aslam, Muhammad Usman; Muhammad, Faqeer; Ali, Shehzad
    Drought stress as a result of rapidly changing climatic conditions has a direct negative impact on crop production especially wheat which is the 2nd staple food crop. To fulfill the nutritional demand under rapidly declining water resources, there is a dire need to adopt a precise, and efficient approach in the form of different amendments. In this regard, the present study investigated the impact of nano-biochar (NBC) and brassinosteroids (BR) in enhancing the growth and productivity of wheat under different drought stress conditions. The field study comprised different combinations of amendments (control, NBC, BR, and NBC+BR) under three irrigation levels (D-0, D-1 and D-2). Among different treatments, the synergistic approach (NBC+BR) resulted in the maximum increase in different growth and yield parameters under normal as well as drought stress conditions. With synergistic approach (NBC+BR), the maximum plant height (71.7 cm), spike length (17.1), number of fertile tillers m(-2) (410), no. of spikelets spike(-1) (19.1), no. of grains spike(-1) (37.9), 1000 grain weight (37 g), grain yield (4079 kg ha(-1)), biological yield (10,502 kg ha(-1)), harvest index (43.5). In the case of physiological parameters such as leaf area index, relative water contents, chlorophyll contents, and stomatal conductance were maximally improved with the combined application of NBC and BR. The same treatment caused an increase of 54, 10, and 7% in N, P, and K contents in grains, respectively compared to the control treatment. Similarly, the antioxidant response was enhanced in wheat plants under drought stress with the combined application of NBC and BR. In conclusion, the combined application of NBC and BR caused a significant increase in the growth, physiological and yield attributes of wheat under drought stress.
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    Öğe
    Zinc and amino acids improve the growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of corn under different irrigation levels
    (Elsevier, 2024) Elshamly, Ayman M. S.; Iqbal, Rashid; Ali, Baber; Ahmed, Iftikhar; Akram, Muhammad Irfan; Ali, Shehzad; Ditta, Allah
    The global challenge of food security is threatened by drought stress. Exogenous application of zinc and amino acids could alleviate the negative impacts of water shortage on the growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of plants. Based on this hypothesis, a field study was conducted to assess the effects of chelated zinc applied through irrigation systems and foliar amino acids on the growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of corn, under three irrigation levels at the recommended irrigation level (100%), and at 75% and 50% of the recommended rate. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design in triplicate. Treatment effects on yield varied with intensity and duration of water stress. An irrigation level of 100% means the normal supply of recommended water. In results, the implementation of irrigation levels on corn led to varying impacts on yield, depending on the intensity and duration of the water stress. Plants responded by reallocating nutrient accumulation within their tissues, which played a crucial role in mitigating the negative effects of water stress. The application of zinc and amino acids individually showed positive effects on corn improvement, as these promoted antioxidant defense systems and enhanced corn yield. However, the combined application of foliar amino acids and soil-applied zinc, particularly under the 75% irrigation level, had a tremendous effect on various examined parameters. There was an increase in catalase by 65.9%, superoxide dismutase by 17.1%, and peroxidase by 15.1%, resulting in improved corn yield by 114.6% and decreased hydrogen peroxide contents by 74.2% compared to control. In conclusion, adopting 75% of the applied water and treating corn plants with a combination of zinc and amino acids resulted in the highest yield, nutrient accumulation, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll contents, relative water contents, and carbohydrate levels.