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    Assessing the effect of heavy metals on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and soil characteristics: plants-implications for phytoremediation
    (Peerj Inc, 2023) Atta, Muhammad Imran; Zehra, Syeda Sadaf; Ali, Habib; Ali, Basharat; Abbas, Syed Naveed; Aimen, Sara; Sarwar, Sadia
    Background. Heavy metal pollution has become a global environmental issue. Heavy metals are contaminating the agro-soils, growing crops, and vegetables through different agricultural practices. In this study, besides the phytoremediation potential of maize, the role of chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) on crop and soil health has been investigated. Methods. Two maize varieties, Pak-Afgoi and Neelem, were grown under varying concentrations of Cr (50-300 ppm) and Pb (30-300 ppm) and different growth parameters i.e., seed germination, leaf size/number, stem girth, plant height, biomass, chlorophyll content, relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) were studied under Cr and Pb stress. Likewise, the effect of metals was also assessed on different soil characteristics including soil texture, pH, EC, soil organic matter, urease activity and nutrients. Results. Studied plant attributes were adversely affected by heavy metals toxicity. Affected values of RGR and NAR showed a linear correlation with affected growth and dry matter yield of maize. Heavy metals impacted different soil parameters including soil microbial performance and revealed a declining trend as compared to control soil. Maize varieties showed a significant phytoremediation potential i.e., uptake of Cr and Pb was 33% and 22% in Pak-Afgoi, while Neelem showed 38% and 24% at 300 ppm, respectively. Data regarding metal translocation factor (TF), bioaccumulation factor (ACF), and biomagnification ratio (BMR) significantly revealed the potential of maize varieties in the removal of Cr and Pb metals from affected soils. However, Cr-accumulation was higher in shoots, and Pb accumulated in plant roots showed a differential behavior of metal translocation and affinity with the varieties. These maize varieties may be recommended for general cultivation in the Cr and Pb-contaminated areas.
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    Öğe
    OPTIMIZATION OF PLANTING DATE AND DENSITY OF COTTON THROUGH CROP MECHANISTIC MODEL AND FIELD EXPERIMENTATION IN SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2024) Iqbal, Jaffar; Khaliq, Tasneem; Ali, Basharat; Iqbal, Javed; Niaz, Yasir; Nadeem, Muhammad ather; Al-ashkar, Ibrahim
    Climate variability and trend affect crop growth, development, and ultimately seed yield. Selection of appropriate planting date and density is essential for improving crop performance under changing climate. A field experiment was conducted under semi-arid climatic conditions to evaluate the performance of cotton crop under different planting dates viz. 22(nd) April, 7(th) May, 22(nd) May and 6(th) June and densities viz 88890, 59260 and 44445 plants/ha. Treatments were arranged by using randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement. The phenological parameters i.e., square initiation, flower initiation, boll formation and boll opening and yield- and yield- components i.e., number of bolls per plant, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, seed cotton yield and seed index were significantly affected by planting dates and densities. Results showed that maximum seed cotton yield (3464 kg ha(-1)) was recorded when cotton was sown on 22(nd) April. However, plant population also affected cotton crop significantly. Maximum seed cotton yield (2751 kg ha(-1)) was recorded for 22.5 cm planting density followed by 15 cm and 30 cm. Furthermore, OZCOT-DSSAT cotton model showed that the simulated phenological parameters with the average error of 9%, 3% and 4% in days to flowering, day to maturity and seed cotton yield, respectively. In sum, simulated data and observed data showed cotton could be planted on 22(nd) April with 59260 plants/ha to achieve maximum productivity.
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    Öğe
    Putting Biochar in Action: A Black Gold for Efficient Mitigation of Salinity Stress in Plants. Review and Future Directions
    (Amer Chemical Soc, 2024) Gao, Zhan-Wu; Ding, Jianjun; Ali, Basharat; Nawaz, Muhammad; Hassan, Muhammad Umair; Ali, Abid; Rasheed, Adnan
    Soil salinization is a serious concern across the globe that is negatively affecting crop productivity. Recently, biochar received attention for mitigating the adverse impacts of salinity. Salinity stress induces osmotic, ionic, and oxidative damages that disturb physiological and biochemical functioning and nutrient and water uptake, leading to a reduction in plant growth and development. Biochar maintains the plant function by increasing nutrient and water uptake and reducing electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. Biochar also protects the photosynthetic apparatus and improves antioxidant activity, gene expression, and synthesis of protein osmolytes and hormones that counter the toxic effect of salinity. Additionally, biochar also improves soil organic matter, microbial and enzymatic activities, and nutrient and water uptake and reduces the accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl), mitigating the toxic effects of salinity on plants. Thus, it is interesting to understand the role of biochar against salinity, and in the present Review we have discussed the various mechanisms through which biochar can mitigate the adverse impacts of salinity. We have also identified the various research gaps that must be addressed in future study programs. Thus, we believe that this work will provide new suggestions on the use of biochar to mitigate salinity stress.