Akgül, AliFarman, MuhammadAhmad, AqeelSaleem, Muhammad Umer2024-12-242024-12-2420212349-5103https://doi.org10.1007/s40819-021-01191-3https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12604/4021In this manuscript, Immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine is devised for treating spherical bladder cancer. We considered the cancer model regarding tumor-immune connections in the bladder as a result of BCG therapy and check the input and output of the system. Controllability and observability are treated for the logistic model and exponential model for cancer according to parameter values. Consider the system for stability investigation about the point of equilibrium and taking Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine concentration as an input and effector cells are output in the system under consideration. The model clarifies that the concentration of immunotherapy should be held in prescribed limits. Also, numerical simulations are carried of the proposed techniques to show the actual behavior of the system to support the biological results. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature India Private Limited.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessBCG immunotherapyCancer modelControllabilityObservabilityStability analysisArticle76Q22-s2.0-8511998020910.1007/s40819-021-01191-3