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Öğe Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Milk in Norduz Sheep(2023) Koca, Davut; Turgut, Ali Osman; Çetin, Nebi; Üner, Sefa; Gülendağ, Erman; Karagülle, BahtiyarThe objective of this study was to uncover the milk composition traits of Norduz sheep, which are bred in the Gürpınar district of the Van province, during the mid-term lactation period. The chosen ewes exhibited no signs of clinical or subclinical mastitis. A total of 104 sheep milk samples were meticulously collected to undergo comprehensive milk composition analysis. The chemical and physical attributes of Norduz sheep milk were methodically determined utilizing a milk autoanalyzer. The mean values for various milk constituents were as follows: milk fat (%), 2.48±0.11; solids-not-fat (SNF) (%), 10.76±0.08; milk protein (%), 5.09±0.04; lactose (%), 4.79±0.04; pH, 6.93±0.02; conductivity (mS/cm), 4.41±0.04; freezing point (°C), -0.602±0.80; salt (%), 0.8035±0.66; and density (kg/m3), 1039.73±0.39. Noteworthy negative and statistically significant correlations were observed between milk fat and protein (r=-0.36, p<0.001), milk fat and SNF (r=-0.32, p<0.001), as well as milk fat and lactose (r=-0.36, p<0.001). Conversely, positive and significant correlations emerged between SNF and milk protein (r=0.90, p<0.001), SNF and salt (r=0.87, p<0.001), and SNF and lactose (r=0.90, p<0.001). In summation, the protein content of Norduz sheep's milk exceeded that of the majority of sheep breeds reared in Türkiye. These findings carry the potential to make a valuable contribution to enhancing the milk composition of Norduz sheep.Öğe Experimental Studies On the Siirt Herby Tulum Cheese: I. Development of Industrial Process Model(2024) Gülmez, Murat; Üner, Sefa; Bayhan, Kübranur YıldızIn this study, a method was developed that uses pasteurized Eve’s milk to produce Siirt Herby Tulum Cheese in less than 24 hours. Pasteurization was done for one minute at 72?C, followed by fifteen minutes of straining, curd formation for 90 minutes at 32?C, first pressing for 90 minutes at half the weight of milk, curd souring for 45 min, and second press for twelve h at half the weight of milk. Before the second pressing, 2% sirmo (Allium sp.) and 1% salt were added to the curd. The ripening culture was obtained from the lactic flora found in traditional Siirt herby cheese. The Herby Cheese Standard, Tulum Cheese Standard, and Van Herby Cheese Geographical Indication Certificate are the three primary statutory regulations, all of which are based on traditional manufacturing techniques. We referred to them as references. This cheese that has been processed to a minimum pH of 5.5, 0.7% lactic acidity, 20% fat, 45% dry matter, and 2.5% salt content before packing could be made by using pasteurized Eve’s milk. The fat and dry matter levels were in the middle of the reference ranges. As a result, the regulations' minimum four-day production period was decreased to a maximum of 24 h. The method was apparently employed for the first time in this study. Before being implemented in a business, the suggested technique must be tested with regard to environmental parameters, milk quality, and other variables. More research on the proposed approach is required to establish a starter culture, detect ripening process variations, and determine whether different Tulum Cheeses may be manufactured utilizing such a short-term production procedure.Öğe Milk Composition Traits of Hamdani Crossbreed Sheep Raised Under Extensive Management(2023) Turgut, Ali Osman; Gülendağ, Erman; Koca, Davut; Üner, SefaThis study aimed to reveal the milk composition traits of Hamdani crossbred sheep (Hcs) raised under extensive conditions. A total of 96 sheep milk samples were collected during the early lactation stage. Selected ewes did not have clinical mastitis or subclinical mastitis. Milk composition analyses were performed using milk autoanalyzer. Mean values for milk fat (%), solid non-fat (SNF) (%), protein (%), lactose (%), salt (%) and pH, conductivity (mS/cm), freezing point (?C) and density (kg/m3) in Hcs were determined as 7.49±0.15, 8.69±0.08, 4.13±0.04, 3.89±0.04, 0.62±0.01, 6.93±0.04, 4.05±0.07, -0.5±0.01, and 1.027.84±0.38 respectively. In correlation analysis, negative and significant correlations were detected between milk fat and protein (r=- 0.368, p<0.001), milk fat and SNF (r=-0375, p<0.001) milk fat and lactose (r=-0.380, p<0.001). On the other hand, positive and significant correlations were detected between SNF and milk protein (r=0.999, p<0.001), SNF and salt (r=0.963, p<0.001), and SNF and lactose (r=0.976, p<0.001). As a result, the milk fat percentage of Hcs was higher compared to other native sheep breeds of Turkey. In addition, phenotypic variation for milk fat percentage was found to be high among individuals in the same flock. These findings may contribute to new studies to improve milk composition traits in Hamdani crossbred sheep.Öğe PAEP gene restriction fragment length polymorphism and its effects on milk composition in cross-bred Hamdani sheep(2024) Turgut, Ali Osman; Gülendağ, Erman; Koca, Davut; Üner, Sefa?-lactoglobulin (?LG) stands as the primary whey protein in ruminant milk, synthesized by mammary gland cells during lactation and encoded by the ?LG gene. This study aimed to assess the impact of ?LG gene exon II polymorphism on milk composition traits in crossbreed Hamdani sheep. Sheep were examined for clinical diseases and mastitis. Milk and blood samples were only collected from healthy ewes. The composition and physical properties of milk were analyzed using milk autoanalyzer. The ?LG gene exon II region's 452 bp PCR products were subjected to RFLP analysis using the RsaI restriction enzyme. Two genotypes, AA and AB, were identified for the ?LG gene exon II region, with A and B allele frequencies of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. Statistical analysis, conducted with Minitab® (Version: 19.2020.2.0), revealed that the AA genotype is associated with a higher milk fat percentage p<0.05). However, no significant genotype effect was observed for other milk composition traits in cross-bred Hamdani sheep. These results suggest that PAEP genotypes could serve as valuable indicators for enhancing milk composition in cross-bred Hamdani sheep through breeding programs.
